一、动词不定式作#38480;制性后置修饰语
#21160;词不定式作限制性后置#20462;饰语可以有各种不同#30340;时态:
to meet/to have met The girl to be met/to have been met is my sister.
to be meeting
1.不定式作#21518;置修饰语有时只能用主#21160;语态,有时只能用被动语态#12290;有时能用主动语态#20063;能用被动语态, 意#24605;相同,有时又不同。什么#26102;候可以用主动语态,什#20040;时候可以用被动语态,要根据不#21516;的语境来决定。
作后置#20462;饰语的不定式与被修饰#30340;名词存在动宾关系#26102;(即不定式前的被修饰名词是不#23450;式动作的对象) ,用主动语态或被动语态在#35821;义上没有什么区别,如:
This is a difficult question to answer/to be answered.
He is the man to select/to be selected.
如果较多地考虑做#21160;作的人而较少地考虑#21160;作的本身,用主动语#24577;的不定式显得比较自然,#22914;:
This is the best loading port to choose. for us/for you to choose. that we/you should choose.
但在某些#24773;况下,只有用被动语态的不定#24335;才显得自然,如:
He is the only man/to be killed to kill in the accident.
The book to be found/to find in the room is George's.
有时不定式虽然与被修#39280;的名词存在动宾关系#65292;但又与句子主语或#38388;接宾语存在主谓关系,这时#29992;主动语 态比较#22949;当,用被动语态的不定#24335;就显得不自然,如:
to do/to be done. I have got a lot of homework
that I can/must do.
to read/to be read. I've given yor the newspaper
that yor can read.
#35797;比较:
Have you anything to take/to be taken?
anything that you take./anything that will
be taken by me or someone else.
如果作表语的不定式与主#35821;存在动宾关系,这时只#33021;用被动语态不定式#12290;下面句子中的不定式#34987;动语态不 宜改为#20027;动语态:
The exercises are to be done in the class.
trucks are to be turned out next month.
#20294;也有例外。下面句子#20013;作表语的不定式虽然与主语存在动#23486;关系,但习惯上要用主动#35821;态不定式:
The goods are to sell.
He is to blame.
如果我们#35201;将上述不定式与另一个不#23450;式被动语态进行比较,则可#20197;用被动语态。
The flat is to be sold,not to be let.
He is to be blamed,not to be praised.
但在there be结构的句#23376;中,用主动语态不定#24335;或被动语态不定式在意思上无#22810;少差别。如果我们更多地 考虑做动作#30340;人而较少地考虑动作的本身,就用#20027;动语态不定式,如:
There was no time to lose/to be lost.
There are some books to choose/to be choosen.
2.作为后置#20462;饰语的不定式相对应于一个#20851;系分句。不定式在相#23545;应的关系分句中,关系代词不仅#21487;以是 主语,#20063;可以是宾语。此外,不定式#36716;换成关系分句也可由关#31995;副词(作状语)引导#65292;如:
to meet you 作主语:The girl is Mary.
who will meet you
(for you)to ask 作宾语:The girl is my sister.
(whom)you should ask
to start 作状语#65306;The time is at dawn.
when you should strat #36716;贴于 免费#35770;文下载中心
作状语的不定式实际上#21069;面省略了“介词+which”#12290;但这是非常正式很#23569;用的结构,如:
The time at which to start is…#8230;
The place in which to live is……
3.作后置修饰语的不定式既#21487;以有情态含义,也可以没有#24773;态含义。
当被修饰的#21517;词是不定式的宾语,是可#20197;理解为有情态含义#12290;据CGOEL,被修饰的#21517;词是不定式的宾语,#21482; 能理解为有情态含义#65292;如:
to read The books we should/must read is…#8230;
we (are goimg to)read
当在下面#30340;语境中可以理解为无情态含#20041;:
1)只#26377;用被动语态不定式作后置修饰#35821;才自然的句子,如#65306;
to be found/to find The books that can be found in the room is…
that are found
2)被修饰的名词#26159;不定式的逻辑主语,尤其是#22312;不定式所修饰的名词前有一个如:#8220;only,next,last和fi rst……等限制性”之类#30340;词,如:
to travel He was the only man around the world.
who travelled
4.不及物动词不定式作名词#21518;置修饰语,并与名词存在动宾关#31995;时,必须加上一个结构或含义#19978;所需要的 介词,#22914;:
We bought a flat to live in.
The children have got some toys to play with.
有时不及物动词不定#24335;与被修饰的名词存在介词#65291;宾语的关系,这时介词也必须补上#65292;如:
a broom to clean it with/a file to keep sth,in/
a desk to put the books on/a knife to cut sth.with
但修饰place这个词时,在现#20195;英语中可以省略介#35789;。试比较:
find a house to live. Let's
a good place to live(in)/to sit(on)/to go(to).
后place之后跟一个#20851;系分句时,分句中的介词通#24120;不能省略:
That's the place which she works in.
二、动词不定#24335;作非限制性后置修饰语
动词不是#24335;作非限制性后置修饰语不同于作#38480;制性后置修饰语。#38480;制性不定式作后置#20462;饰语转换成关系分 句时,关系代词可以是主语#65292;宾语或与关系副词作状语的#20851;系分句相对应(见一·2)。#20294;非限制性的后置不定 式只限于与关系代#35789;作主语的非限制性关系#20998;句相对应,如:
to be on display The articles, at the exhibition
which are on display
enjoyed fast sale.
三、动词不定式作同#20301;后置修饰语
动词不定式#21487;以作同位后置修饰语,而且是相#24403;普遍的。同位修饰#35821;与被修饰的名词处于同#31561;的地位。同 #20301;后置修饰语也存在限#21046;性与非限制性之分。但与不定式同#20301;的名词通常是抽象的名词#65292;如:
I've made up my mind to go there on foot.
He has a strong desire to be a doctor.
在同位不定#24335;之前,有时可以加wh-词或破折号,如:
The problem whether to accept L/C or D/p remained unsolved.
They all have a common desire-to be university students
但有些区别是值#24471;注意:有些名词只用of#20171;词短语作同位后置修饰语,如:
Is there any possibility of getting there in time?
有些名词只用不定式#20316;同位后置修饰语(如:will,agreement,proposal,resolution等);有些名词则要 视句子的结构#65292;可以用of-短语#65292;也可用不定式作同位后#32622;修饰语(如chance,opportunity,power等)。
关于动词不定式#20316;后置修饰语看起来比#36739;简单,但用起来有时会把#25569;不定,特别是对不同的语境#26377;不同理 #35299;的时候。对这些问题可以作进#19968;步更深入的探讨。