作者:程如峰,王海昌,程何祥
【关键词】 不稳定型心绞痛
【Abstract】 AIM: To compare the effects of aspirin and clopidogrel on platelets between patients with unstable angina pectoris of type A and those with unstable angina pectoris of type B coronary lesions, who all had received coronary stenting. METHODS: According to ACC/AHA classification, type A lesion unstable angina pectoris patients (group A, n=32) and type B lesions unstable angina pectoris patients (group B, n=30) were included in the study. All the patients underwent percutenous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary stenting. They took clopidogrel loading dosage 300 mg and aspirin 300 mg no less than 2 h preoperation and post operation 75 mg clopidogrel and 300 mg aspirin daily. Peripheral venous blood was collected before, 2 h after taking the medicine, and 6 h, 24 h and one month after angioplasty, and plasma samples were analyzed for TXB2, GMP140 and MPAR by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and immune turbidimetry respectively. RESULTS: ① At 2 h after taking medicine, the levels of the above indexes in group A and group B were significantly lower than those before taking medicine. ② At 6 h and 24 h after angioplasty, the levels of above the three indexes in both groups were significantly higher than those before and 2 h after taking medicine. No significant difference was found at 2 h after taking medicine and at one month after angioplasty. But in group B, the levels of TXB2 and GMP140 were still significantly higher than those at 2 h after taking medicine. ③ Before and 2 h after taking medicine, at 6 h, 24 h and one month after angioplasty, the levels of the above indexes in group B were significantly higher than those in group A except for MPAR at 2 h after taking medicine. CONCLUSION: Routine antiplatelet therapy can effectively inhibit platelet activation in unstable angina pectoris patients with type A coronary lesions, but is not very effective in type B coronary lesion patients.
【Keywords】 unstable angina; TXB2; GMP140; MPAR
【摘要】 目的:探讨阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷(波立维)对不同类型冠脉病变的不稳定型心绞痛患者经皮冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)加支架术前、术后血小板活性的抑制程度. 方法:A型病变冠心病不稳定型心绞痛患者32例,B型病变患者30例,全部接受PTCA加支架术,术前至少2 h服用阿斯匹林300 mg,继之300 mg/d,负荷量氯吡格雷300 mg,继之75 mg, 1/d. 分别于服药前、服药后2 h,术后6 h,24 h和1 mo肘静脉采血. 采用比浊法测定血小板最大聚集率(MPAR),酶联免疫法测定血小板颗粒膜糖蛋白(GMP140)和血栓素B2(TXB2)浓度. 结果:① A组、B组服药2 h后TXB2,GMP140,MPAR均较服药前明显下降(P&<0.05); ②A组、B组术后6 h,24 h各指标均较术前及服药后2 h明显升高(P&<0.05);1 mo时A组3指标与服药后2 h无显著性差异(P&>0.05),B组GMP140,TXB2仍高于服药后2 h(P&<0.05);③在服药前,术后6 h,24 h和1 mo时以上3指标B组均明显高于A组(P&<0.05);服药后2 h仅GMP140, TXB2 B组明显高于A组. 结论:常规剂量的阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷可有效抑制A型病变患者的血小板激活,但对于B型病变则抗血小板作用不够充分.
【关键词】 不稳定型心绞痛;血栓素B2;血小板颗粒膜糖蛋白;血小板最大聚集率
0引言
经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)是冠心病的主要治疗手段之一,但再狭窄率高达30%~50%. 冠脉支架术的出现明显降低了再狭窄率(20%~30%). 但支架均为金属性,生物相容性差,本身具有致血栓形成作用,支架内血栓仍有一定的发生率(0.5%~8.6%)[1]. 因此加强抗血小板治疗就显得非常必要. 临床试验显示联合应用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林可明显改善预后,降低不良事件发生率[2]. 文献中多见手术前和术后3 d内的血小板激活情况的报道,我们追踪观察了行PTCA加支架术的不稳定型心绞痛患者亚急性支架血栓形成期(1 mo)内不同时刻的血小板功能状况,探讨阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷(波立维)对不同类型冠脉病变的不稳定型心绞痛患者经皮冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)加支架术前、术后不同时刻血小板活性的抑制程度,以期为临床抗血小板治疗提供依据.
1对象和方法
1.1对象
收集200210/200312在西京医院成功行PTCA加支架术的不稳定型心绞痛患者62例,符合1979年WHO的诊断标准. 依处理的靶血管造影结果按美国心脏病学会所定义的A型或B型病变,将患者分为A,B两组. A组32(男18,女14)例,平均年龄(52.4±11.5)岁;B组30(男18,女12)例,平均年龄(54.7±9.7)岁. 两组间患者性别、年龄无显著性差异. 两组中有高血脂症者分别占56%和58%,高血压病分别占47%和42%;糖尿病分别占6%和3%,射血分数分别为0.560±0.085和0.580±0.069. 两组靶病变血管左前降支、左旋支、右冠状动脉患者例数无显著差异. 纳入标准:①表现为加拿大心血管协会心绞痛分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;②心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;③经选择性冠脉造影术判断至少有一处狭窄,且狭窄在75%以上(直径法),并成功行PTCA加支架术(均放置普通支架);④术后1 mo来院复查. 排除标准:①曾经行PTCA加支架术;②近期心绞痛发作频繁;③靶血管病变≥2支;④冠状动脉内完全闭塞性病变;⑤严重肝肾功能不全;⑥全身性血液系统疾病;⑦并发炎症感染或肿瘤性炎症;⑧严重的全身其他系统疾病.
1.2方法
1.2.1服药所有患者手术前至少2 h服用阿斯匹林300 mg (无锡阿斯利康公司,国药准字H32026199),继之300 mg/d,负荷量服用氯吡格雷300 mg (杭州赛诺非公司,国药准字[2001]J17号),继之75 mg,1/d.
1.2.2手术方法PTCA加支架术均按常规方法进行,支架大小按病变血管近端及远端参照内径大小(1∶1~1.1∶1)决定.
1.2.3样本采集及检测A,B两组不稳定型心绞痛患者分别于联合抗血小板服药前、服药后2 h、支架术后6 h,24 h和1 mo采外周肘静脉血. GMP140(血小板颗粒膜糖蛋白),TXB2 (血栓素B2)用0.05 mmol/L的EDTANa2抗凝,用ELISA法检测;MPAR(血小板最大聚集率)用0.109 mmol/L枸橼酸钠抗凝,用免疫比浊法检测. 药盒由苏州大学医学院血栓与止血研究室提供.
统计学处理: 数据以x±s表示,两组间均数及变化趋势的比较采用重复观测设计方差分析;组内不同时间点间均数比较采用秩和检验,P&<0.05差异有统计学意义.
2结果
服药前B组3指标均明显高于A组(P&<0.05);服药后2 h A组和B组比较GMP140,TXB2仍有显著性差异(P&<0.05),MPAR无显著性差异(P&>0.05). 术后6 h,24 h,两组间比较3指标均有显著差异(P&<0.05),B组明显高于A组. 术后1 mo时,以上3指标B组仍高于A组(P&<0.05). 且A,B两组TXB2,GMP140,MPAR随服药前后及术后时间的变化趋势不同(P&<0.05). 组内各时间点血小板功能比较见Tab 1.表1A,B组不同时间点血小板功能(略)
3讨论
不稳定型心绞痛(UA)的主要病理机制为冠状动脉斑块破裂、血小板激活、血栓形成. 血小板的激活在动脉血栓形成机制中起着中心作用. 研究报道急性心肌梗死(AMI)和UA 时GMP140明显升高[3,4],TXB2是很强的促血小板聚集和血管收缩物质,在UA,AMI时大量合成,释放入血[5,6]. 我们进一步发现B组3指标显著高于A组,提示有更高程度的血小板活化. 原因可能是B组患者冠状动脉病变多较重,斑块不稳定,血小板激活较强.
氯吡格雷与阿司匹林联合应用使抗血小板作用大大加强. 试验显示在急性冠脉综合征患者明显优于单用阿司匹林[7];对于支架术者,联合应用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林可明显改善预后,降低不良事件发生率[2]. 药代动力学研究表明氯吡格雷口服400 mg在2~5 h达最大抑制,300~400 mg负荷量可在2 h达到接近稳态的抑制水平,可以迅速降低血小板的聚集活性[8]. 我们的研究结果显示服药2 h后A,B两组3指标均较服药前明显下降,但B组GMP140,TXB2仍高于A组. 提示B型病变患者血小板活性仍未得到满意控制. PTCA和支架术引起的内膜撕裂、胶原暴露等因素可使血小板激活,研究报道PTCA术后即刻GMP140开始升高,持续时间不等[9-11]. 本研究A,B两组患者术后6 h,24 h各指标均较术前增高,提示PTCA加支架术后血小板有明显激活.
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