作者:计根林,曾毅,熊利泽,施宇翔,熊东方,徐宁,胡胜,李杰
【关键词】 腋路臂丛神经阻滞
【Abstract】 AIM: To compare the onset time and the success rate of a multiple point injection for axillary brachial plexus block performed by using two methods of nerve localization: paresthesia elicitation or nerve stimulation. METHODS: Each of the major nerves of the plexus was located by elicitation of a paresthesia (Group PAR; n= 48) or by nerve stimulation (Group PNS; n=48) and injected with 8 mL of local anesthetic solution. Time of blocking, onset, beginning of surgery and total anesthetic period was recorded respectively. RESULTS: The time recorded in Group PNS was significantly shorter than that in Group PAR (91% vs 76%; P&<0.05) and the success rate for anesthetizing the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves in Group PNS was higher in Group PNS (P&<0.05). The rate of venous puncture was higher in Group PAR (P&<0.05). CONCLUSION: Nerve stimulation is a better than paresthesia elicitation for axillary brachial plexus block.
【Keywords】 nerve stimulator; brachial plexus block; lidocaine; bupivacaine
【摘要】 目的: 比较异感定位或神经刺激定位对腋路臂丛多点注射阻滞的起效时间、成功率以及并发症. 方法: 以神经刺激定位法(PNS)或诱发异感法(PAR)定位臂丛神经主支,于各点分别注入8 mL 20 g・L-1利多卡因和7.5 g・L-1布比卡因合剂,观察和记录阻滞操作时间,阻滞起效时间,可行手术时间及总的麻醉时间. 结果: PNS组各项时间均明显短于PAR组. PNS组的完全阻滞发生率较PAR组高(P&<0.05),这与其桡神经与肌皮神经的阻滞成功率高相关(P&<0.05). PAR组的静脉误伤率较高(P&<0.05). 结论: PNS较PAR成功率更高,阻滞出现更快,特别当手术区包括桡神经及肌皮神经支配区时应选神经刺激法.
【关键词】 腋路臂丛神经阻滞;神经刺激仪;利多卡因;布比卡因
0引言
臂丛腋路单次阻滞为临床广泛使用之技术,操作简便且并发症少. 然而,臂丛腋路单次阻滞极少能阻滞臂丛所有主要分支,阻滞完善率较低,且其成功率与神经血管分隔定位法无关[1-2]. 多点阻滞法能显著提高臂丛腋路阻滞的效果[3-5]. 虽然神经刺激仪定位单次阻滞的临床效果与“异感法”相似,但可使腋路臂丛多点阻滞成功率明显提高以及起效时间缩短[2,3,6],为此,我们的研究旨在比较2种神经定位方法对腋路臂丛阻滞成功率,起效时间及其副反应的影响,为临床提供参考.
1对象和方法
1.1对象选96例ASAIII级,年龄(22~41)岁,拟在臂丛阻滞行前臂、腕和手部择期手术患者进行前瞻性研究. 手术侧上肢既往有神经损害,神经病变不纳入本研究.
1.2方法监测心电图(ECGII)、无创血压(NBP),以及血氧饱和度(SpO2),阻滞前10 min静脉滴注咪唑安定1 mg,芬太尼50 μg. 随机分为以下2组:异感组(PAR),48例,以诱发异感法定位4条臂丛主支(肌皮、桡、正中、尺). 神经刺激组(PNS),48例,用神经刺激定位仪确定4条臂丛主支的部位. 患者仰卧,臂外展90°,前臂置于仰位,在胸大肌与腋窝交界处触及腋动脉搏动. 两组均以长为50 mm 22号短斜面的绝缘针(stimulplex Braun, Melsungen,德国)定位. PAR组:腋动脉处上方垂直刺入神经血管鞘,通过异感定位正中神经,随后在动脉下方同一水平刺入定位桡、尺神经,喙肱肌表面以麻醉肌皮神经. PNS组方法同PAR组,正中与肌皮在腋动脉上方定位,桡与尺在腋动脉下方定位,刺激阈电流定为0.3~0.5 mA,频率2 Hz,据特定的肌肉收缩定位臂丛神经分支,肌皮神经:上臂收缩屈曲;桡神经:腕和指伸展,正中神经:腕、屈曲,内旋,食、中指屈曲;尺神经示:小指屈曲,拇指内收;定位精确后于各点分别注射8 mL(7.5 g・L-1布比卡因和20 g・L-1利多卡因等容积合剂).
两组中凡3支未能完全定位的患者不纳入本观察组. 阻滞时间指第一次刺入与将其拔出的时间,于阻滞结束后10, 20和30 min,在神经支配区内以针刺法评估阻滞效,若30 min时肘以下所有感觉区域无痛,为阻滞完全,反之阻滞不完善. 潜伏时间指阻滞结束与患者可开始手术的时间,总麻醉时间指实施阻滞时间与潜伏时间之和,阻滞成功率以30 min后患者完全阻滞的百分比表示,对各神经分别也做了30 min时效阻滞效果评估,并观察急性神经损伤和其他并发症发生率.
统计学处理:计量资料用x±s表示,用SPSS10.0软件进行检验和χ2检验.
2结果
因神经不能全部定位而被排除者,PNS组有2例,PAR组有5例,两组间手术部位、时间及一般情况无明显差异(Tab 1). PNS组的阻滞操作时间,阻滞起效时间,总麻醉时间均短于PAR组(Tab 1). 首次阻滞后神经阻滞效果,PNS组完全阻滞率较PAR组比较明显增高(P&<0.05),PNS组的高完全阻滞率与其桡与肌皮神经阻滞的高成功率相关(Tab 2). 8例PAR组和3例PNS组需补充阻滞后手术部位方达到完全无疼痛. PAR组2例,PNS组1例感止血带疼痛. PAR组静脉误伤率较PNS高. PNS组有4名患者偶发异感. 两组患者舒适程度无区别. 腋路血肿PAR组有4例,PNS 1例,经对症治疗后缓解.
表1神经阻滞情况以及操作和起效时间(略)
Tab 1Characteristics of the block and perfomance time and onset time(略)
表2首次阻滞后30 min麻醉成功率(略)
Tab 2Success rate of analgesia 30 min after the primary block(略)
3讨论
腋路臂丛单点阻滞较难使手术所及区域阻滞完善,而多点注射技术使臂丛完善阻滞成为可能.
PNS组完全阻滞率高与其对桡神经、肌皮神经阻滞成功率高相关. PNS组患者刺激肌皮神经引起的肌肉收缩,而PAR组则采用盲探法向喙肱肌注射,我们认为以神经刺激法定位阻滞该神经更为可靠,精确. 虽然PAR组桡神经均被异感定位获阻滞,但PNS组的桡神经阻滞成功率高于PAR组,可能是正中及尺神经较表浅,易被局麻药浸润,然而,桡神经及肌皮神经位置较深,需要精确定位方可成功阻滞.
臂丛神经的起效时间与神经粗细,长短以及类型相关[9,10],所以多点阻滞顺序应按其解剖特征依次阻滞,我们认为首次正中神经,肌皮神经为最后[2],可提高多点臂丛神经阻滞效果. 研究报道多点阻滞无神经损伤之并发症[2,3,6]. 近期文献[11]示多点注射仅有1.7%发生短暂神经功能障碍,与Selander等[12]用单点注射相似. 因此,拔针与再定位与神经损伤无关,异感所致神经损伤作用亦尚无定论[13],异感可能表示为穿刺针刺入神经组织,并可能增加持续神经损伤的危险,故一些学者建议神经阻滞时不应找异感,但无文献[14]示异感可增加神经损伤无明显相关. PAR组静脉刺伤率明显较高,4例腋路血肿,行局部压迫治疗后缓解. 推注局麻药前虽经反复抽吸测试,注射速度也慢,PAR仍各有4例表现出血管内注射症状,提示术中应加强生命体征的监测.
本研究示在应用多点刺激技术时,使用神经刺激仪具有定位准确,操作时间短、起效时间快、神经阻滞更完善和并发症少等优点,特别是对桡神经和肌皮神经阻滞也具一定优越性.
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