作者:张双霞,李光迪,于晓辉,张方信
【摘要】 目的 通过检测幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染及根除治疗对慢性胃炎和胃溃疡组织中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)蛋白表达的影响,探讨MIF和Hp在慢性胃炎和胃溃疡发生发展中的作用。方法 胃镜下随机采集胃黏膜活检组织,经14C呼气试验、Warthinstarry银染色法检测Hp均为阳性,并经病理检验证实为浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡各40例,Hp阴性的健康检查者25例,采用免疫组织化学SP方法分别检测各组MIF蛋白的表达;进行Hp根治治疗2周,停药4周后复查Hp及MIF,比较根除前后各组MIF水平。结果 MIF蛋白在Hp阴性的正常胃黏膜中阳性表达低(2/25,8%);在Hp感染的慢性浅表性胃炎(12/40,30%)、萎缩性胃炎(26/40,65%)和胃溃疡组织(19/40,47.5%)阳性表达增强,显著高于Hp阴性的正常胃黏膜组(57/120 vs. 2/25;χ2=13.376,P<0.01);在慢性炎症中,随着炎症程度增加,MIF表达增强,差异有显著性(12/40 vs. 26/40;χ2=9.825,P<0.01);Hp根除后,MIF蛋白表达阳性率较治疗前显著降低(57/120 vs. 23/103;χ2=15.264, P<0.01),而Hp仍为阳性者MIF蛋白阳性率无显著变化。结论 Hp感染导致的胃黏膜慢性炎症及溃疡的形成与胃黏膜MIF的表达相关,根除Hp感染可降低胃黏膜MIF基因表达的异常,可能对预防或减缓胃癌的发生和发展具有重要意义。
【关键词】 巨噬细胞移动抑制因子;幽门螺杆菌;慢性胃炎;胃溃疡
ABSTRACT: Objective To investigate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein expression and explore the role of Hp and MIF in the development of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer. Methods The biopsy tissues of gastric mucosa were collected under gastroscope, and Hp was detected by 14C breath test and Warthinstarry method. We recruited 25 healthy people with normal gastric mucosa, 40 patients pathologically confirmed Hppositive with chronic superficial gastritis, 40 with atrophic gastritis and 40 with gastric ulcer. MIF protein expression was examined by immunohistochemical SP staining method, then Hp eradication was performed on Hpinfected chronic superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer for 2 weeks. Hp and MIF were reexamined 4 weeks after drug withdrawal, and difference in MIF expression was compared between Hpinfected patients and Hperadicated patients. Results The expression of MIF was low in normal gastric mucosa without Hp infection (2/25, 8%), but significantly higher in Hpinfected gastric mucosa with chronic superficial gastritis (12/40, 30%), atrophic gastritis (26/40, 65%) and gastric ulcer (19/40, 47.5%); there was a significant difference between normal gastric mucosa without Hp infection and that of Hpinfected patients (57/120 vs. 2/25; χ2=13.376, P<0.01). MIF expression increased with the severity of inflammation in chronic gastritis, and there was a significant difference between superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis (12/40 vs. 26/40; χ2=9.825, P<0.01). The expression of MIF was noticeably decreased after Hp eradication compared with before(57/120 vs. 23/103; χ2=15.264, P<0.01); however, there was no significant change in those patients whose Hp was still positive. Conclusion The expression of MIF on gastric mucosa is associated with the development of chronic gastritis and gastritis ulcer caused by Hp infection. Eradication of Hp could cut down the abnormally high MIF expression in gastric mucosa and slow down the formation and development of gastric carcinoma.
KEY WORDS: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; Helicobacter pylori; chronic gastritis; gastric ulcer
巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF)是重要的炎症因子,能抑制巨噬细胞迁移,促进IV型过敏反应中巨噬细胞的聚积。近年来,许多研究证明MIF参与细胞增殖和分化的调节,在多种炎症性疾病和恶性肿瘤细胞中高表达,在胃癌中的表达显著增高[12],幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori, Hp)是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌和胃B细胞淋巴瘤重要的危险因子[3]。为进一步探讨Hp和MIF在慢性胃炎胃溃疡向胃癌发生过程中的作用,我们检测了Hp感染的慢性浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡组织中MIF的表达,并给予Hp根除治疗,分析Hp根除前后MIF表达的变化,探讨MIF和Hp在慢性胃炎和胃溃疡发生发展过程中的可能作用及两者的相关性。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 临床资料
连续收集胃镜下活检组织,由有经验的消化科医师在胃镜下取材,同时进行组织学检查,依据组织学检查结果收集浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡各40例,取健康成年人并经病理检查无炎症活动及Hp感染的正常胃黏膜25例。其中男78例,女62例。年龄19~72岁,平均年龄41岁。所有受试者在检查前2周内未服用过质子泵抑制剂、铋剂及抗生素,无服用其他药物史,肝肾功能均正常。慢性胃炎在炎症明显处和胃窦、胃体各取材1块,胃溃疡在其边缘和胃窦、胃体各取材1块,立即投入40g/L多聚甲醛中固定。
1.1.2 Hp根治治疗
方案为奥美拉唑20mg、阿莫西林1.0g、替硝唑1.0g,均每天2次,疗程7d。停药4周后复查14C呼气试验,阴性者判定为Hp根除,并同时采集胃黏膜组织做MIF检测。
1.1.3 试剂
兔抗人MIF多克隆抗体购自美国Santa Cruze公司,SP9001免疫组织化学染色试剂盒及DAB显色试剂盒购自广州中杉金桥,Warthinstarry银染色试剂为实验室自配。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 免疫组织化学法
PBS代替一抗做阴性对照,已经确诊的肺腺癌做阳性对照,将甲醛固定的组织经过常规脱水、浸蜡、包埋后切片,厚度为4μm,切片经常规脱蜡水化,高压抗原修复,加100mL/L h3O2以灭活内源性过氧化物酶,加封闭用正常山羊血清工作液,加一抗(浓度1∶400),于4℃冰箱中过夜,加生物素标记山羊抗兔IgG,加辣根酶标记链霉卵白素工作液,DAB显色剂显色,苏木素复染,MIF在细胞浆中表达,阳性呈棕黄色。
1.2.2 结果判断
参照AXIOTIS等[4]标准,由两位病理医生采用盲法(独立检测) 在高倍镜(×400)下读片。每张切片随机观察10个不重复的视野(不足10个视野的,按实际观察到的视野计数),根据阳性细胞占同类细胞总数的百分率及细胞染色强度综合判定。染色强度评分标准:不着色为0分,浅粉色或黄色为1分,粉色或棕黄色为2分,红色或黄褐色为3分。阳性细胞所占整张片比例评分标准:阳性细胞数<10%为0分,10%~40%为1分,41%~70%为2分,>70%为3分。两种评分相加,0~1分为(-),2分为弱阳性(+),3~4分为阳性(),5~6分为强阳性()。≤2分的定为阴性,>2分的定为阳性。
1.2.3 Warthinstarry银染色法检测Hp
切片经常规脱蜡至水,放入10g/L AgNO3水溶液,60℃避光浸染60min,完成染色后倾去浸银液,用双蒸水涮洗。显影工作液配制后即刻(1min内)倒入装有切片的玻璃皿中,室温下避光染色2~4min,显影至切片组织呈棕褐色,立即弃去显影液,流水冲洗停止显影过程,切片常规脱水至透明,光学树脂封片,Hp在镜下可见在金黄色的组织背景中,呈清晰黑色短棒状或S状。
1.3 统计学处理
实验数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件包进行处理,各组间对照采用四格表资料的Pearson卡方检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 MIF表达与病理分型的关系
MIF表达部位位于细胞浆,染成黄色或棕黄色,在25例Hp阴性的正常胃黏膜组织中有仅有2例MIF呈阳性表达,阳性表达率为8%;在40例Hp感染的浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡黏膜组织中分别有12 例、26例和19例阳性表达,阳性表达率分别为30%、65%和47.5%,幽门螺杆菌阳性病变组MIF表达显著高于阴性正常组,差异有显著性(2/25 vs. 57/120;χ2=13.376, P<0.01);在慢性胃炎中,萎缩性胃炎MIF表达显著高于浅表性胃炎(12/40 vs. 26/40;χ2=9.825, P<0.01),说明炎症程度加重,MIF表达增强,在胃溃疡组织中,除了胃黏膜上皮细胞外,大量浸润的炎性细胞中也高表达MIF(图1~图3、表1)。表1 胃病理分型与MIF蛋白表达的关系(略)
2.2 MIF的表达与Hp根治的关系
在40例慢性浅表性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡中分别有35、34、34例得到根治,胃黏膜炎症及萎缩程度得到显著改善,溃疡组织愈合,MIF阳性表达降低。在治疗前分别有12、26、19例阳性表达的40例慢性浅表性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡中,Hp根治后分别只有3、12、8例阳性表达,根治前后MIF阳性表达的差异有显著性(12/40 vs. 3/35, χ2=5.286, P=0.022;26/40 vs. 3/35, χ2=6.4926, P=0.011;19/40 vs. 8/34, χ2=4.557,P=0.033),见表2和图4。而Hp复查仍为阳性者MIF表达无显著变化。表2 Hp根除前后MIF表达的变化(略)
3 讨论
MIF主要来源于垂体前叶[56]及外周的单核/巨噬细胞[7]。其具有多种生物学功能,既能促进巨噬细胞活化,增强其黏附、吞噬和抗肿瘤作用,又具有抑制巨噬细胞移动的特性,是重要的促炎症反应介质,在多种炎症与自身免疫反应性疾病起着很重要的作用。
近年来,研究发现MIF还参与细胞增殖和分化的调节,在炎症向恶性肿瘤发展起着重要作用[810],已有报道在多种恶性肿瘤如鼻咽癌[11]、前列腺癌[1213]和肺癌[1416]组织中呈高表达,提示MIF参与肿瘤的发生,MIF能刺激癌细胞分泌肿瘤血管生长因子,如VEGF和IL8等[11,17],引起p53的灭活[10],在恶性肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移、血管生成和抗凋亡中发挥重要作用。
研究已证明,Hp作为Ⅰ类致癌因子在胃癌前病变和胃癌的发生与发展中发挥重要作用,胃癌发生率与当地的幽门螺杆菌感染率呈正相关,HP感染者发生胃癌的危险性较非感染者高2.3~6.4倍,且感染时间越长,危险率越高[18],但其确切的致病机制尚不完全清楚。近年来,对许多细胞分子的研究表明,细胞因子在胃炎、胃癌的发生发展中起了很重要的作用。Hp可诱导胃上皮细胞分泌许多细胞因子,如白细胞介素1(interleukin1, IL1)、白细胞介素6(interleukin6, IL6)、白细胞介素8(interleukin8, IL8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor, TNFα)、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factorβ, TGFβ)等。MIF作为在恶性肿瘤的发生发展中起重要作用的细胞因子,在胃癌及癌前病变中呈高表达。一些体内外实验证明,Hp能诱导MIF表达增强[1922],Hp阳性的胃黏膜上皮细胞、T细胞、单核细胞MIF表达阳性显著高于Hp阴性者,单核细胞与Hp共同培养后单核细胞表达MIF显著增加,认为Hp感染与胃上皮及炎症细胞MIF蛋白表达有关,MIF可能在Hp感染相关性胃炎中起重要作用。BESWICK等[23]体外实验证实Hp能通过CagA刺激胃黏膜上皮细胞产生MIF,促进胃黏膜上皮细胞增殖,而用抗MIF抗体能阻滞胃上皮细胞增殖,提示MIF在HP诱导的胃上皮细胞增殖中可能扮演重要的作用。但是,也有一些实验显示Hp感染与MIF的表达无关[24]。SHUN等[2]研究发现MIF表达能促进血管增生和胃癌的发生发展,但与Hp感染无关。
本研究结果显示MIF在无Hp感染的正常胃黏膜中仅有轻微的表达(阳性率8.0%),随着胃炎的发生,MIF的表达增强,并且在正常胃黏膜、浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎中的表达呈逐渐增高的趋势,Hp阳性组显著高于Hp阴性组(P<0.05),将Hp阳性组进行根除治疗后,复查Hp根除者MIF表达较治疗前显著降低,而Hp仍为阳性者MIF表达较治疗前无明显下降,说明Hp感染与MIF表达相关,Hp的致病性可能与胃黏膜MIF的表达增强有关,并在胃炎向胃癌的演变中起重要的作用。根除Hp感染可降低MIF基因表达的异常,可积极预防或治疗胃炎、胃溃疡和胃癌的发生发展。
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