作者:张更, 王禾,张波,于翠娟,武国军,秦卫军,孟艳玲,王成济,杨安钢
【关键词】 ,前列腺肿癌
【Abstract】AIM:To construct the eukaryotic expression vector that specifically drives pro-caspase-7 by prostate-specific antigen promoter. By employing the prostate-specific antigen promoter (PSAP), we investigated whether PSAPdriven procaspase7 could induce death of prostate cancer cells and whether the cytotoxicity was restricted to cells of prostate origin. METHODS: We extracted genomic DNA from benign prostate tissues and obtained prostate specific antigen promoter(PSAP)fragment by polymerasechainreaction (PCR).Using gene technology, we replaced the pCMV on pCDNA3 by PSAP and obtained PSAPpCDNA3 vector. Then the pCMV on pIRES2EGFP and pIRES2EGFPCsp7 was replaced by PSAP after the confirmation of its sequence and PSAPpIRES2EGFP and PSAPpIRES2EGFPCsp7 eukaryotic expression vectors were obtained respectively. Lipofectionmediated gene transfers were performed with the two obtained vectors and a control plasmid, pIRES2EGFP, in human prostate cancer cell line PC3 m and 2 other cell lines (Hep2 [human cancer of larynx] and MC3T3 [mice fibroblast]). Light and electron microscopy were used to observe the proliferation and apoptosis of all cell lines. A PSAPdriven EGFP was also used to estimate the expression of the PSAPdriven transcripts. Immunohistochemistry methods were used to evaluate the expression of caspase7 protein. RESULTS: All the constructed vectors were verified by enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. After transfected with pIRES2EGFP, PC3 m, Hep2 and MC3T3 all showed green fluorescence. After transfected with PSAPpIRES2EGFP, only PC3m showed green fluorescence and no apoptosis cells appeared in all the three transfected groups. After transfected with PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP, PC3 m showed the strong growth inhibition but the other two cell lines showed no changes. No caspase7 was detected in the Hep2 and MC3T3 cell lines after transfection. Morphologically, some of the PC3m transfected cells manifested apoptotic features. CONCLUSION: PSAPdriven procaspase7 gene therapy inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells and the cytotoxic effect is restricted to the cells of prostate origin.
【Keywords】 prostatic neoplasms;regions (genetics)promoter;apoptosis;cloning, molecular
【摘 要】目的: 构建前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)调控的促凋亡基因caspase7表达载体并观察其对前列腺癌细胞的促凋亡作用.方法: 提取基因组DNA,通过PCR法获得前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)基因,利用基因重组方法以PSAP替换掉pCDNA3真核表达载体中的pCMV启动子,构建PSAP pCDNA3载体.测序正确后,将PSAP分别替换绿色荧光蛋白载体pIRES2EGFP和克隆入带有效应型caspase7基因的绿色荧光蛋白载体pIRES2EGFPCsp7中的pCMV启动子片段,分别获得由PSAP启动子调控的绿色荧光蛋白载体和带有效应型Caspase7基因的真核表达载体PSAPpIRES2EGFPCsp7.利用脂质体转染法将该载体分别转染至PC3m(前列腺癌)、Hep2(喉癌)及MC3T3(正常成纤维)细胞中,通过荧光显微镜观察转染细胞绿色荧光蛋白表达及细胞形态变化,免疫组化检测细胞中效应型caspase7蛋白的表达状况,细胞计数观察转染不同表达载体后各类细胞生长变化.结果: 经酶切鉴定及测序结果证实所构建载体正确.转染PSAPpIRES2EGFPCsp7载体后,① 在PC3 m细胞中可观察到绿色荧光蛋白的表达,并可检测到效应型Caspase7蛋白表达,而在Hep2及MC3T3细胞中未观测到绿色荧光,② 荧光显微镜下可见前列腺癌PC3 m细胞生长受到抑制并出现凋亡细胞形态,细胞计数证实转染的PC3 m细胞生长受到抑制,而其余细胞生长未受影响.③ 电镜观察结果显示转染PSAPpIRES2EGFPCsp7后的PC3 m细胞出现典型的凋亡细胞形态.结论: 前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)可在前列腺癌细胞中特异性调控其下游caspase7基因的表达,并发挥其促凋亡作用,从而特异性地诱导前列腺癌细胞发生凋亡,而对正常细胞及非前列腺起源细胞不产生影响.
【关键词】 前列腺肿癌;启动区(遗传学);脱噬作用;克隆,分子
0 引言
目前,前列腺癌的检出率逐年增高,在欧美等西方国家,前列腺癌是男性最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率仅次于肺癌居第二位.近几年资料显示,我国前列腺癌发病率逐年上升,目前在我国的发病增长率已居泌尿生殖系恶性肿瘤增长率首位.因此,人们试图尝试治疗前列腺癌的有效方法.
前列腺特异性抗原特异性表达于来源于前列腺上皮的各类细胞,包括正常、增生及发生癌变的前列腺细胞,针对这种表达特异性,我们构建了前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)调控的促凋亡基因caspase7活化结构的真核表达载体,转染至前列腺癌细胞,观察该重构的表达载体对前列腺癌细胞生长状况的影响及前列腺癌细胞发生凋亡状况,为前列腺癌的基因治疗方法提供新的思路和途径.
1 材料和方法
1. 1 材料 前列腺癌PC3 m细胞株由唐都医院杨杰硕士惠赠,喉癌的上皮细胞株Hep2及正常成纤维细胞MC3T3以及效应型caspase7载体由本校分子生物学实验室于翠娟博士惠赠.绿色荧光蛋白载体pIRES2EGFP购自Clontech公司.脂质体购自Gibco公司产品,质粒提取试剂盒购自上海华舜生物工程公司.
1.2 方法
1.2.1 载体构建 按《分子克隆实验指南》方法从增生的前列腺组织中提取基因组DNA,按文献设计引物1,利用PCR反应扩增获得具有BglⅡ和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点的前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)片段,酶切替换pCDNA3载体的pCMV启动子,构建PSAPpCDNA3载体,酶切鉴定并送公司测序.
利用引物2从PSAPpCDNA3载体中通过PCR反应获得具有NruⅠ和VspⅠ酶切位点的PSAP片段,通过NruⅠ和AseⅠ酶切位点替换pIRES2EGFP的启动子pCMV片段,构建由PSAP调控的PSAPpIRES2EGFP载体.酶切鉴定及测序鉴定正确后保留该载体, 然后在PSAPpIRES2EGFP载体的EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ两酶切位点间插入已克隆成功的效应型caspase7片段,构建重构型PSAPCasp7pIRES2EGFP载体,酶切鉴定并测序.
引物1 :5′tttagatcttagaggatctgtggaccacaa 3′
5′tttaagcttggtgacacagctctccgggtg 3′
引物2:5′tttattaattcgcgattttatgatgacagtagcaat 3′
5′tttgaattcggggctggggagcctccccca 3′
1.2.2 细胞培养 用含100 mL・L-1新生小牛血清的1640培养液培养PC3 m细胞及Hep2细胞,用含100 mL・L-1新生小牛血清的加谷氨酰胺及双抗的αDMEM培养液培养MC3T3细胞,所有细胞置于37℃,50 mL・L-1 CO2培养箱中培养.
1.2.3 质粒的提取、纯化及定量 所获得的PSAPpIRES2EGFP质粒和重构型PSAPCasp7pIRES2EGFP质粒在大肠杆菌DH5α中转化,卡那霉素阳性琼脂培养基中扩增,用质粒提取试剂盒提取纯化质粒DNA,紫外分光光度计测定纯度并定量.
1.2.4 细胞转染 实验分为空载体pIRES2EGFP转染组,PSAPpIRES2EGFP载体转染组,PSAPpIRES2EGFPCasp7载体转染组,取PC3 m,Hep2,及MC3T3细胞进行细胞爬片,分别于12,24,48和72 h后转染以上3种质粒,PBS洗涤细胞,40 mL・L-1多聚甲醛固定,荧光显微镜下观察转染结果.转染方法参照LipofectAMINETM2000说明书.样品处理及荧光激发波长的选择均参照pIRES2EGFP载体产品的《User Manual》.
1.2.5 电镜观察 收集转染细胞,细胞沉淀用25 mL・L-1戊二醛4℃固定2 h.拨离细胞团块,PBS洗两遍,脱水、包埋,制备超薄切片,染色,水洗,透射电镜观察并照相.
1.2.6 免疫组化方法检测caspase7表达 SABC法检测转染PSAPCasp7pIRES2EGFP后各组细胞中caspase7蛋白的表达状况.
统计学处理:采用方差分析.
2 结果
2.1 提取质粒DNA纯度测定 提取质粒DNA纯度用紫外线分光光度计测定 ,A260 /A280定于18~20.
2.2 PSAPPCDNA3载体构建 用BglⅡ和HindⅢ酶切重组载体,应获得602 bp的PSAP片段,PSAP片段中有NheⅠ酶切位点,用BglⅡ和NheⅠ酶切该重组载体,可见402 bp的酶切片段.经测序,证实所得序列与GengBank 中PSAP序列完全一致.
2.3 重构型PSAPCasp7pIRES2EGFP载体酶切鉴定结果 用VspⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切重构型PSAPCasp7pIRES2EGFP载体,应获得15 kb的PSAP+caspase7片段.用EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切后获得912 bp的caspase7片段.用 VspⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切后获得602 bp 的PSAP片段.经测序证实所得序列与构想完全一致.
2.4 荧光显微镜观察各细胞系转染重组质粒后目的基因的表达状况 荧光显微镜下可见各组细胞转染绿色荧光蛋白载体pIRES2EGFP都有阳性表达,以36 h最强.而转染重构型pIRES2EGFP载体后,pc3 m细胞出现绿色荧光,而其余细胞系无荧光,各组细胞形态无明显改变,可见PSAP的存在可特异性的调控绿色荧光蛋白基因在前列腺癌细胞中表达,而在其他组织细胞中不表达.转染重构型PSAPcaspase7-pIRES2EGFP载体后,也只能在pc3 m细胞中观察到绿色荧光,并且pc3 m细胞出现形态改变,出现多核巨细胞和固缩细胞(Fig 1A,B),而其他各系细胞无绿色荧光表达且细胞形态无明显变化,可见PSAP调控的caspase7基因可特异性的表达于前列腺癌细胞中,并可诱导前列腺癌细胞发生形态改变.
A:Normal pc3m cells that transient transfected with PSAPpIRES2EGFP;B:Normal pc3m cells that transient transfected with PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP.
图1 将PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP瞬时转染入pc3 m细胞后出现形态改变,出现多核巨细胞和固缩细胞(略)
Fig 1 Transient transfection of PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP led to abnormal morphology of pc3m cells (略)
图2 转染重构型PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP载体后,pc3 m细胞呈现染色质浓缩、边集及膜发泡(略)
Fig 2 Some of morphologically abnormal transfected cells displayed typical features of apoptosis. Morphological changes were observed under electronic microscope 36 h after transient transfection into pc3 m cells with reconstructed PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP(略)
A:Caspase7 were found to be negative immunostained in Hep2 cells after transient transfected with PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP SABC ×200; B:Caspase7 were found to be strong positive immunostained in pc3 m cells after transient transfected with PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP SABC ×200
图3 免疫组化结果(略)
Fig 3 Results of immunohistochemistry(略)
2.5 转染后电镜结果 电镜下可见转染重构型PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP载体的pc3 m细胞呈现染色质浓缩、边集、膜发泡等典型的凋亡形态学特征(Fig 2).
2.6 caspase7蛋白表达状况 免疫组织化学染色显示转染PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP载体36 h后pc3 m细胞中caspase7蛋白表达阳性,而其他细胞皆无阳性结果(Fig 3A,B)
2.7 细胞生长抑制 转染空载体及对照载体的pc3 m细胞常规培养生长速度与未转染组细胞无明显变化,转染PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP后pc3 m细胞生长明显受到抑制(Fig 4).―:PSAPEGFP;┄:pIRES2EGFP;…:PC7EGFP. aP&<005 vs PSAPEGFP and pIRES2EGFP
Fig 4 Transient transfection of PSAPcaspase7pIRES2EGFP caused growth inhibition of pc3 m cells(略)
3 讨论
人们从多种角度研究了前列腺癌的基因治疗方法,针对癌基因和病毒复制调节基因的转录序列的反义核苷酸在抑制肿瘤生长和病毒复制方面都表现出较好的效果.但由于针对病毒的基因治疗中的靶向序列是特异性表达于病毒基因组的序列,从而降低了对细胞的杀伤作用.同时,由于癌基因不仅存在于肿瘤组织中,在正常组织中也同样存在,因此这种针对癌基因和细胞生长调节基因的靶向治疗可能引起广泛的非特异性杀伤作用,因此限制了反义核酸的临床应用.前列腺特异性抗原(PSA) 是一种由前列腺上皮细胞分泌的含237个氨基酸的腺血管舒张素(丝氨酸蛋白酶),特异性表达于正常、增生及癌变的前列腺组织中,以较高浓度被直接分泌入精液并与丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂形成复合物存在于血清中.发生前列腺癌时,由于PSA分泌绝对量增多,同时癌变时前列腺组织的正常屏蔽作用被破坏,导致血清PSA水平上升.由于来源特异,目前PSA主要应用于前列腺癌的诊断和病情监测.同时,由于PSA仅由来源于前列腺上皮的细胞表达,使应用前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)调控特定基因序列的转录进而表达具有凋亡效应的蛋白的策略成为可能.Steiner 等[1]以逆转录病毒为载体表达cmyc基因的反义序列并转染前列腺癌细胞,得到了较好效果.Lee等[2]利用前列腺特异性抗原启动子(PSAP)调控DNA聚合酶和反义拓扑异构酶的反义序列的转录,即构建PSAPantipol和PSAPantitop载体,转染前列腺癌细胞后证实该结构能导致前列腺癌细胞死亡,而且其细胞毒性作用仅限于前列腺起源细胞.对于前列腺癌患者,前列腺组织的存在已不重要,因此药物的杀伤作用不会影响患者的正常生活.
在研究哺乳动物细胞的凋亡时,人们发现活化的Caspase家族转染不同细胞可诱导凋亡[3-5],caspase-3 和caspase7使促进凋亡发生的效应分子,多项研究表明肿瘤细胞在多种条件下发生凋亡时caspase-3 和caspase7分子呈阳性表达[6,7].有实验证实应用抗肿瘤药物及酶抑制剂诱导激素敏感型前列腺癌LNCaP细胞凋亡时可发现caspase7表达增强[8],而同时应用广谱的caspase抑制剂zVADFMK时,前列腺癌细胞生长则不受影响,说明caspase7的活化在前列腺癌细胞的凋亡过程中发挥重要作用[9].同时,效应型caspase7的过表达可特异性诱导前列腺癌LNCaP细胞发生凋亡[10].Marcelli等[11]将 caspase7的cDNA整合入腺病毒载体,在该载体中 caspase7的过表达使LNCaP细胞及LNCaPBcl2细胞发生凋亡.
本实验应用PASP的转录特异性,将PSAP替换绿色荧光蛋白载体(pIRES2EGFP)中的pCMV启动子,并在其多克隆位点的核苷酸序列EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点间插入效应型caspase7分子,即构建PASP调控的活化的caspase7真核表达载体,pIRES2EGFP载体为双顺反子真核表达载体,其启动子可以同时调控位于其后多克隆位点中插入的caspase7片段及EGFP的转录与表达.利用脂质体转染法将该质粒转染入前列腺癌细胞中,证实该载体可以特异性的在前列腺癌细胞中转录和表达效应型caspase7,通过效应型caspase7的促凋亡作用使前列腺癌细胞发生凋亡,而其他细胞的生长未受到影响.为实现前列腺癌的特异性杀伤和治疗提供了新的思路和实验依据.
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