作者:贾新未 傅向华 谷新顺 张晶 陈春红 王占启 潘焕军
【摘要】 目的 研究强化他汀治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后肾功能的保护作用和预防对比剂肾病(CIN)的效果,探讨其可能机制。方法 228例接受择期PCI的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者,随机分为标准他汀治疗组(SSG,n=115)和强化他汀治疗组(ISG,n=113)。于PCI术前7 d开始,SSG组患者口服20 mg/d辛伐他汀,ISG组患者则口服80 mg/d辛伐他汀。于PCI术前、术后24、48 h分别测定血清肌酐水平,按CochcroftGault公式计算肌酐清除率。于PCI术前、术后24 h分别测定血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、P选择素和细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM1)水平。结果 PCI后血肌酐水平显著升高,并于术后24 h达高峰,然后逐渐下降,术后48 h ISG组血肌酐水平显著回降(与术后24 h比较P&<0.001)至术前水平(P=0.94),而SSG组血肌酐水平未显著回降(与术后24 h比,P=0.11)。PCI术后24、48 h,ISG组的血肌酐水平均显著低于SSG组(术后24 h,P&<0.05;术后48 h P&<0.001)。PCI术后,两组肌酐清除率均显著降低,最低值出现在术后24 h,然后逐渐回升。术后48 h,SSG组肌酐清除率显著回升(与术后24 h相比,P=0.03),但仍低于术前水平(P&<0.001),而ISG组术后48 h显著回升(与术后24 h相比,P&<0.001)并恢复到术前水平(P=0.87),在术后24、48 h,ISG组肌酐清除率的回升程度均显著高于SSG组(均P&<0.001)。虽然PCI术后血清hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平均显著升高(均P&<0.001),但ISG组低于SSG组(均P&<0.001)。结论 与标准剂量他汀治疗相比,PCI前使用强化剂量他汀治疗可进一步保护PCI术后肾脏功能,降低CIN的发生率。这种益处伴随有血清hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平的显著降低。
【关键词】 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;他汀类药物;对比剂肾病
【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the protective effects of higher dose statin on renal function and the incidence of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) and to probe its possible mechanisms. Methods Two hundreds and twenty eight patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing delayed percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) were randomly pided into standard statin (SSG, n=115) and intensive statin groups (ISG, n=113). Patients in SSG group were given simvastatin 20 mg/d and patients in ISG were given simvastatin 80 mg/d for at least 7 days before PCI. The level of serum creatinine was measured at admission, 24 and 48 hours after PCI. Creatinine clearance rate was calculated by CochcroftGault formula. The changes of high sensitive C reaction protein (hsCRP), intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and Pselectin levels before and after the procedure were also measured.Results The level of serum creatinine was significantly increased after PCI, the peak value occurred at 24 hours, and then began to decrease. At 48 hours after PCI, the creatinine level was significantly decreased (P&<0.001 compared with the level at 24 hours) to baseline level (P=0.94 compared with the level at baseline) in ISG, whereas in SSG the creatinine level was failed to decrease significantly (P=0.11) at 48 hours. Serum creatinine at admission was not significantly different between the two groups. But at 24 and 48 hours after PCI, it was lower in ISG than that of SSG (P&<0.05 at 24 hours and P&<0.001 at 48 hours). The creatinine clearance rate was significantly decreased after PCI, the lowest value occurred at 24 hours, and then it began to increase. In SSG, the creatinine clearance rate was increased significantly (P=0.03 compared with the level at 24 hours) at 48 hours, but still significantly lower than baseline level (P&<0.001 compared with the level at baseline). In ISG, the creatinine clearance rate was increased significantly (P&<0.001 compared with level at 24 hours) at 48 hours and recovered to the level at baseline (P=0.87 compared with level of baseline). Creatinine clearance rate was improved much more in ISG at 24 and 48 hours than that in SSG (P&<0.001 at 24 hours and at 48 hours). After PCI, the serum levels of hsCRP, Pselectin and ICAM1in ISG were significantly lower than those of SSG (all P&<0.001). Although procedure caused significant increase in hsCRP, Pselectin and ICAM1 (P&<0.001), the increase in ISG was smaller than that of SSG (P&<0.001). Conclusions Pretreatment with intensive statin dosage before PCI can further decrease the occurrence of postprocedural contrast induced nephropathy compared with standard statin therapy. This benefit is associated with the lowering of hsCRP, Pselectin and ICAM levels.
【Key words】 Percutaneous coronary; Statin; Contrast induced nephropathy
对比剂肾病(contrast induced nephropathy,CIN)是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的严重并发症〔1〕。为预防CIN,除了控制危险因素外,其他措施诸如静脉水化疗法、乙酰半胱氨酸甚至血液透析疗法等均已有广泛研究〔2,3〕。近年来,初步研究已经证实他汀类药物可通过多种机制降低CIN的发生。强化他汀治疗已经成为急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的基本治疗措施,而其对PCI后肾功能的保护作用尚未明确。本研究探讨强化他汀治疗对PCI患者的肾脏保护作用及其可能机制。
1 对象与方法
1.1 病例选择 2007年9月至2008年10月在我院接受PCI的ACS患者228例。除外标准:血流动力学不稳定、急性ST抬高心肌梗死7 d以内、心源性休克、左心室射血分数低于40%、伴有严重肝脏疾病。所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 研究方法 随机分为标准剂量他汀组(SSG组,113例)和强化剂量他汀组(ISG组,115例)。在PCI术前7 d开始,SSG组患者口服辛伐他汀20 mg/d,ISG组口服辛伐他汀80 mg/d。PCI按常规技术进行。PCI成功的标准为术后残余狭窄低于30%,心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流分级3级。所有患者均使用非离子低渗(915 mOsm/kg)对比剂〔碘普罗胺(优微显370)〕,按公式〔(体重×5)/血肌酐〕计算每位患者所能接受的对比剂最大剂量。于PCI后辛伐他汀恢复20 mg/d的标准剂量并长期服用。所有患者均长期服用阿司匹林100 mg/d,氯吡格雷75 mg/d。如果:①PCI后血肌酐水平升高达44.2 mmol/L(0.5 mg/dl)以上;②血肌酐水平较术前升高25%;③术后肌酐清除率降低达25%或以上,则定义为CIN。如果术后血肌酐水平升高达176.8 mmol/L(2 mg/dl)以上,则定义为PCI术后急性肾衰竭。于术前、术后24 h和48 h分别采血测定血肌酐水平,肌酐清除率=〔(140-年龄)×体重〕/血肌酐×72,女性在上述基础上再乘以0.85。于PCI术前和术后24 h分别采血测定高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、P选择素以及细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM1)的水平。
1.3 统计学分析 采用SPSS10.0进行统计学处理,计量资料以x±s表示,计数资料以率表示。对正态分布的计量资料采用独立样本t检验,否则采用U检验。率的检验采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。多组间比较采用方差分析。
2 结 果
2.1 基本资料比较 两组患者的平均年龄、性别构成、合并危险因素和临床表现等均无显著性差异。术前实验室检查结果、手术前后服用药物等也无显著性差异。术前血肌酐水平及肌酐清除率无显著性差别,术前合并慢性肾脏病患者也无显著性差别。见表1。
2.2 病变血管PCI特征比较 两组中三支病变患者人数无显著性差别。病变在左主干、左前降支、左回旋支和右冠状动脉的分布两组无显著性差异。两组患者介入治疗血管数均等,平均植入支架2枚以上,大部分为药物支架。约20%以上患者接受静脉Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体阻断剂治疗。总对比剂用量两组无显著性差异。见表2。
2.3 PCI术后肾功能的变化及CIN的发生情况 PCI后,两组的血肌酐水平都显著升高,峰值出现在术后24 h,然后逐渐降低。在ISG组,术后48 h血肌酐水平显著降低(与术后24 h相比,P&<0.001),并恢复术前水平(P=0.94)。但在SSG组,术后48 h血肌酐水平并无显著下降(与术后24 h比,P=0.11),仍显著高于术前血肌酐水平(P&<0.001)。见图1。两组间术前血肌酐水平并无显著差别。但在术后24 h和48 h,ISG组的血肌酐水平均显著低于SSG组(术后24 h两组比较P&<0.05,术后48 h两组比较P&<0.001)。见图1。表1 PCI术前两组患者的基本情况比较
表2 两组患者的PCI特征比较 肌酐清除率在PCI后两组均显著降低,最低值出现在术后24 h,以后逐渐恢复。在SSG组,术后48 h显著高于术后24 h水平(P=0.03),但仍显著低于术前水平(P&<0.001)。在ISG组,术后48 h肌酐清除率显著高于术后24 h水平(P&<0.001),并恢复到术前水平(P=0.87)。见图2。术前肌酐清除率两组无显著差异。但在术后24 h和48 h,ISG组的肌酐清除率均显著高于SSG组(均P&<0.001)。见图2。图1 术后不同时间血肌酐水平的变化图2 两组PCI前后肌酐清除率的变化
PCI术后24 h,ISG组患者的CIN发生率为5.3%(6/115),而SSG组为13.9%(16/113)(P&<0.05);PCI术后48 h,ISG组的CIN发生率仍为5.3%,而SSG组增至15.7%(18/113)(P&<0.05)。ISG组的所有6例CIN病例均发生在术后24 h,而SSG组的所有18例CIN病例中,16例发生在术后24 h,2例发生在术后48 h。在ISG组无PCI后急性肾衰竭发生,而在SSG组则出现1例急性肾衰竭病例,发生于PCI术后24 h。
2.4 血清hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平的变化 术前两组的血清hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM 1水平的均无显著差别。但在术后24 h,虽然血清hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平均显著升高,但在ISG组显著低于SSG组(均P&<0.001),而且从升高的程度来说,ISG组也显著低于SSG组(P&<0.001)。见表3。表3 PCI手术前后血清hsCRP,P选择素和ICAM1水平的变化
3 讨 论
虽然PCI后CIN的发生率相对较低,但它和PCI后近远期不良事件的发生密切相关。关于预防PCI后CIN发生的措施,已经有很多研究报道〔4,5〕。对ACS患者,使用强化他汀类药物治疗的益处已经被广泛证明〔6,7〕。对其近期效益,研究发现,PCI术前使用阿托伐他汀强化治疗7 d可显著降低术后24 h的心肌损伤,改善30 d临床预后〔8〕。虽然初步研究显示他汀类药物能够降低CIN发生〔9,10〕,但强化剂量他汀对CIN的作用还未有报道。
本研究首次探讨了强化他汀剂量对PCI后肾脏损伤的保护作用。研究发现,无论是以血肌酐还是以肌酐清除率,PCI后的肾脏功能都经历从损伤到恢复的过程。血清肌酐水平先升高,于术后24 h达高峰,然后逐渐降低到术前水平,与标准剂量他汀治疗相比,强化剂量他汀治疗能显著降低峰值血肌酐水平。在PCI术后48 h,强化治疗组的肌酐水平基本恢复到术前水平,而标准治疗组则未能恢复到术前水平。这提示强化他汀治疗有更强的肾脏保护作用,与标准他汀相比,强化他汀治疗不但可减轻肾脏损伤,还能促进肾功能的早日恢复。Patti〔8〕报道他汀治疗可降低90%的PCI后CIN风险,而本研究发现,强化他汀治疗可进一步减少PCI术后约60%的CIN风险,因此强化他汀治疗具有显著的临床获益。
除了降低血清胆固醇,他汀类药物还有其他效应,如抗氧化、抗炎和抗血栓作用〔11〕。他汀类药物还可下调肾素受体的表达、减少内皮素的合成〔12〕。通过抑制内皮黏附分子的表达,他汀类药物还可改善内皮功能〔13〕。由于CIN的发生可能涉及上述多种机制,因此,使用他汀类药物预防CIN更加具有合理性。本研究发现,PCI术后,hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平显著升高,反映了PCI后炎症反应、血小板聚集、血栓形成和血管内皮损伤等过程的发生。和标准他汀治疗相比,强化他汀治疗可进一步降低hsCRP、P选择素和ICAM1水平,这可能是强化他汀治疗进一步改善肾脏功能、降低CIN发生的内在机制。
参考文献
1 McCullough PA. Contrastinduced acute kidney injury〔J〕. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008;51;141928.
2 Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, et al. Nacetylcystiene and contrastinduced nephropathy in primary angioplasty〔J〕. N Engl J Med, 2006;354:277382.
3 Marenzi G, Lauri G, Campodonico J, et al. Comparison of two hemofiltration protocols for prevention of contrastinduced nephropathy in high risk patients〔J〕. Am J Med, 2006;119:15562.
4 Stacul F, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Strategics to reduce the risk of contrastinduced nephropathy〔J〕. Am J Cardiol, 2006;98:59k77k.
5 Briguori C, Airoldi F, D’Andrea D, et al. Renal insufficiency following contrast media administration trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategics〔J〕. Circulation, 2007;115:12117.
6 Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ,et al. Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study Group. Highdose atorvastatin vs usualdose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial〔J〕. JAMA, 2005; 294:243745.
7 Patti G, Chello M, Pasceri V, et al. Protection from procedural myocardial injury by atorvastatin is associated with lower levels of adhesion molecules after percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDACAMs(Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage during AngioplastyCell Adhesion Molecules) substudy〔J〕. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006;48(8):15606.
8 Patti G, Pasceri V, Colonna G, et al. Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDAACS randomized trial〔J〕. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007;49(12):12728.
9 Khanal S, Attallah N, Smith DE, et al. Statin therapy reduces contrastinduced nephropathy: an analysis of contemporary percutaneous interventions〔J〕. Am J Med, 2005;18:8439.
10 Patti G, Nusca A, Chello M, et al. Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrastinduced nephropathy and to improve longterm outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention〔J〕. Am J Cardiol, 2008;101:27985.
11 Sarafidis PA. Statin pleiotropy against renal injury〔J〕. J Cardiometab Syndr, 2009;4: E4E9.
12 Tumlin J, Stacul F, Adam A, et al. Pathophysiology of contrastinduced nephropathy〔J〕. Am J Cardiol, 2006;98(suppl):14k20k.
13 Chello M, Goffredo C, Patti G, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on arterial endothelial function in coronary bypass surgery〔J〕. Eur J Caridothorac Surg, 2005; 28:80510.