提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂

　　 作者：Neeraj Kumar SETHIYA1， Alok NAHATA2， Sri Hari MISHRA1， Vinod Kumar DIXIT2

【摘要】 土丁桂属草药是作用于中枢神经系统的印度传统药物，特别是对促进记忆和改善智力有较好疗效。从印度传统医学和梵语文献中提取的大量信息提示，冠以土丁桂属草药名称的植物类别共4种：旋花科田旋花、旋花科土丁桂、蝶形花科蝴蝶花豆和龙胆科穿心草。这些草药名称均在古代文献中有所记载，可单独使用或与其他药材组合成各种草药处方。本文就现有的科学信息，如土丁桂属不同植物来源物种的生药学特征、化学成分、药理作用、临床前及临床应用等方面进行述评，以期为科学地应用土丁桂提供依据。此外，还可根据不同植物来源土丁桂属草药的不同功效进行鉴别应用。

【关键词】 旋花科田旋花; 旋花科土丁桂; 蝶形花科蝴蝶花豆; 龙胆科穿心草; 医学， 印度传统; 认知障碍

Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical， mental， social and spiritual wellbeing by adopting preventive， health promoting and holistic approach towards life［1］. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically， because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system， many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering［2］. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress， ranging from yoga and meditation to antistress drugs. However， despite claims to the contrary， these nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility［3］. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stressinduced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom［4］. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations， plantbased drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed， and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized［5］.

　　Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding， storage and retrieval［6］. Memory is the ability of an inpidual to record sensory stimuli， events， information， etc.， retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma， not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia， which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomatically by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living， behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss［7］. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity， acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients， even though their use is limited by the short halflife and peripheral cholinergic sideeffects of physostigmine， and the dosedependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine［8， 9］. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately， basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity， which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers［10］.

　　In Ayurvedic literature， medicinal plants from more than one botanical source have been employed for a single entity raising controversy as to correct identity of a drug. The availability of the plant in usage of particular region has forced the practitioners to substitute with nearly similar pharmacological or therapeutic action. Many of the traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is applied to plants with two or more entirely different plant species［11］. Our studies on Ayurvedic plants reveal that although the botanical source of an Ayurvedic medicine may differ， the basic pharmacological category is not inconsistent. It may be that during the process of development of Ayurveda， the Vaidya practicing it in different regions of the subcontinent may have found substitutes which replaced the original plant drug.

　　1 Shankhpushpi

　　Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP， Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)［12］. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country， and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA， Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT， Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD， Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners［1318］. Whatever is the source， the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity， epilepsy， nervous debility and memory enhancement［19， 20］. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India.

　　1.1 Traditional medicinal uses Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as a brain tonic， nervine tonic， alternative and laxative［21， 22］. It has also been found effective in anxiety and neurosis， due to its clinical antianxiety effects and improved mental function highly esteemed by ancient Indian physicians as a wonderful nervine tonic && memory invigorator and used in cerebral abnormalities， epilepsy， insomnia， burning sensation， oedema， urinary disorders， snakebites and disease caused by evil spirits. It is best tonic for brain and nerves and is also recommended for sexual && seminal debilities［23］. Shankhpushpi is found to be one of the ingredients in majority of the formulas available in market like Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College)， Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha)， Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy)， BR16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc， which were prescribed as brain tonics in Ayurvedic system of medicine.

　　According to Ayurveda， Medhya can promote intellectual capacity; Swarakarini can improve voice; Grahabhootadi doshaghni is useful in diseases of supernatural origin; Rasayani can rejuvenate the body; Kantida can enhance the aura of body and give it a healthy look; Majjadhatu rasayana can rejuvenate the nervous tissue; Unmadaghna can alleviate insanity and emotional instability; Vrishya is an aphrodisiac; Pachanbala can increase the strength of the digestive system; Chedana is a laxative; Nidrajnana can promote sleep. Besides this， Shankhapushpi can improve digestion， prevent water retention， borborygmus and constipation. It is specifically beneficial where digestion is upset because of nervousness and anxiety (Unpublished). The classification of Shankhpushpi［24］ was shown in Table 1.

　　Table 1 Taxonomic classification of Shankhpushpi（略）

　　1.2 Geographical distribution Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti， CD is native to southern India， Sri Lanka， tropical Africa， and Southeastern Asia［16， 25］， CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts， a distribution that Sad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab， Bihar and Chhotanagpur［26， 27］. CT is cultivated throughout India， but is naturalized in the more tropical regions［28］. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere［2934］.

　　1.3 Pharmacognostical profile The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi［12， 14， 15， 19， 20， 3542］ is shown in Table 2.

　　1.4 Phytochemical profile The phytochemical profile of Shankhpushpi is shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

　　1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1［77］， Figure 2［5961， 70］， Figure 3［120］ and Figure 4 to 6.

　　1.6 Pharmacological activities The pharmacological activities of Shankhpushpi are shown in Table 5.

　　2 Preclinical and clinical applications of Shankhpushpi

　　2.1 Evolvulus alsinoides

　　2.1.1 Toxicology Ayurvedic medicine regards EA highly for its effect on CNS. Moderate doses (200 mg/kg) of the alcoholic extract of EA caused drowsiness， stupor and less mobility in albino mice; higher doses were neither toxic nor lethal. Laboratory studies revealed the herb as anticatatonic and a CNS depressant with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 450 mg/kg［56， 121］.

　　2.1.2 Learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents The ethanolic extract has been shown to improve learning and memory and it significantly reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. EA also exhibited potent memoryenhancing effects in the stepdown and shuttlebox avoidance paradigms. Nootropic activity was assessed with passive and active avoidance paradigms using Cook and Weidley’s pole climbing apparatus and elevated plus maze as models［131］.

　　Table 2 Different pharmacognostical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi（略）

　　Table 3 Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi (Part 1)（略）

　　Table 4 (To be continued) Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi (Part 2)（略）

　　Table 4 (Continuation) Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi (Part 2)（略）

　　Table 5 (To be continued) Different pharmacological features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi（略）

　　Table 5 (Continuation) Different pharmacological features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi（略）

　　Numbers in brackets refer to reference numbers.

　　Figure 1 Chemical structures of antistress components isolated from E. alsinoides（略）

　　Figure 2 Chemical structures of antistress components isolated from C. pluricaulis（略）

　　Figure 3 Chemical structures of antistress components isolated from C. ternatea（略）

　　Figure 4 Structures of different xanthones isolated from C. decussata（略）

　　Figure 5 Structures of different lanostane triterpenoids isolated from C.decussata（略）

　　Figure 6 Structures of different loliolides isolated from C.decussata（略）

　　2.1.3 Adaptogenic， anxiolytic and antiamnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test， open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity［216］. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamineinduced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and antiamnesic properties of EA， against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium［130］. Phenolics and flavonoids， isolated form bioactivityguided purification of nBuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA， were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose， adrenal gland weight， plasma creatine kinase， and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia， plasma corticosterone， creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy， while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters［77］. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpineinduced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpinetreated animals compared with vehicletreated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpineinduced VCMs and TPs in a dosedependent manner， decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpinetreated rats［217］.

　　2.1.4 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The in vivo evaluation of the ethanolic extract of EA revealed its marked antiulcer and anticatatonic activity［172］.

　　2.1.5 Antioxidant activity Antioxidant substances were isolated and identified from EA by preparing fractions of phenolic and nonphenolic compounds. Results of antioxidant activities of EA from 2，2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were not as high as expected. The need of more antioxidant tests with different action mechanisms and also invivo studies with EA were suggested［159］. Ethanolic extracts and water infusions of EA， Cynodon dactylon and Sida cordifolia were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2， 2'azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS) decolonization assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent， followed by EA and Cynodon dactylon. The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: EA&>C. dactylon &>S. cordifolia. The results of water infusions on lipid peroxidation were as follows: EA&>S. cordifolia&>C. dactylon［141］.

　　2.1.6 Immunomodulatory activity The crude extracts of Emblica officinalis and EA were evaluated for immmunomodulator activity in adjuvantinduced arthritic rat model. Both the drugs showed a marked reduction in inflammation and edema. At cellular level immunosuppression occurred during the early phase of the disease. The induction of nitric oxide synthase was significantly decreased in treated animals as compared with controls［162］.

　　2.1.7 Evolvine hydrochloride The hydrochloride of alkaloid evolvine was reported to exhibit lobelinelike action on the cardiovascular system. In cats， the drug demonstrated sympathomimetic activity. The blood pressure remained elevated for a longer duration as compared with adrenaline. Increase in peripheral pressure was observed on local injection of the drug［55］.

　　2.1.8 Activity related to formulas of EA BR16A (Mentat) is a herbal formula consisting of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)， Mandukparni (Centella asiatica)， Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)， Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)， Shankhpushpi (EA)， Tagar (Valeriana wallichi)， Vach (Acorus calamus)， Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)， Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus)， Kuth (Saussurea lappa)， Amla (Embelica officinalis) and the other ingredients of Triphala (Terminalia chebula and Terminalia belerica). The results indicated that Mentat (100 mg/kg) and piracetam (100 mg/kg) induced statistically significant nootropic effect in all the test parameters of learning and memory， and can be categorized as a nootropic agent［207］.

　　A nineweek cross over study (5week drug administration and 4week withdrawal) was performed to see the effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation (CIHPⅢconsisting of EA)， viz. Mentat， on avoidance learning during endurance performance of albino rats. Runimex， a circular runaway was used for this purpose. Results indicated significant improvement in avoidance learning during endurance performance due to the intake of CIHP (Ⅲ)［208］.

　　A study provided a novel herbal composition， which promotes the proven pharmacological activities such as antioxidant， antistress and adpatogenic activities. Composition comprises of plant juices or together with the conventional recipients to form paste/jelly/jam/cake/cream puff/chocolate forms fortified with plants like Mangifera indica， EA， Withania somnifera， Asparagus racemosus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus which are used as functional foods［218］.

　　A clinical trial was undertaken on 31 adult subjects， 6 of which were newly diagnosed cases， while the remaining 25 were old ones taking some antiepileptic drugs. Mentat， 2 tablets bid， along with the other drugs for a period of six weeks brought about significant reduction in seizure frequency. Thus Mentat served as a valuable adjuvant to commonly used antiepileptic drugs. No side effects were observed with Mentat administration［195］.

　　Preclinical research has established that BR16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats［219222］. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula［223］. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity［200］. BR16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats［224］.

　　BR16A (Mentat) also enhances dopamine postsynaptic receptor functioning in the laboratory rats. This suggests a potential application in Parkinson’s disease. A case study describing the clinical use of the formula in Parkinsonism has been reported［225］.

　　In other experiments of Mentat， on patients with poststroke disability， out of 24 patients in the study， 13 received Mentat and 11 received a placebo for 12 weeks. Electromyography (EMG) recording following neuromuscular stimulation was done at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. The final EMG responses in the trial group were found to be better than in the control group during study［226］.

　　The antistress effects of BR16A and its interaction with GABAergic modulators against social isolationinduced stress were investigated on various behavioural parameters， pentobarbitoneinduced sleep (sleep latency and duration)， analgesia (tailflick test) and locomotor activity. BR16A (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treatment for 5 days significantly reversed the social isolation stressinduced prolongation of onset and decrease in pentobarbitoneinduced sleep， increased total motor activity and stressinduced antinociception. When diazepam (0.5 mg/kg)， a benzodiazepine agonist， was coadministered with BR16A (100 mg/kg)， it significantly potentiated the reversal of pentobarbitoneinduced shortening of sleep time effects， increased locomotor activity and stressinduced antinociceptive effects. However， the sleep latency was not decreased significantly. Further， flumazenil (2 mg/kg)， a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist and FG 7142 (10 mg/kg)， an inverse agonist， when coadministered with BR16A (100 mg/kg)， showed no significant reversal on pentobarbitoneinduced hypnosis， locomotor activity and social isolationinduced antinociception compared with their effects perse. The study demonstrated the antistress effects of BR16A preparation against social isolationinduced stress［227］. The study also suggested that the GABAergic system may be involved in its antistress effect［227］.

　　2.2 Convulvulus pluricaulis

　　2.2.1 Toxicological assessment The LD50 of the whole extract of CP was found to be 1 250 (1 000－1 400) mg/kg p.o. Mice treated with the extract showed a sedative effect at doses greater than 200 mg/kg and reflected a moderate to marked decrease in locomotor activity which lasted nearly for 12 h［123］.

　　2.2.2 Learning， memory and behavior The ethanolic extract of CP and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their memoryenhancing properties. Significant improvement in learning and memory in rats was noted in passive avoidance paradigms and active avoidance tests using various laboratory models for learning and memory assessment［122］.

　　2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine， a potentiator of acetylcholine effect， of pentobarbitoneinduced hypnosis and morphine analgesia， without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown［146， 147， 150］. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressantlike effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic， dopaminergic， and serotonergic systems［151， 152］. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern， reduction in spontaneous motor activity， hypothermia， potentiation of pentobarbitonesleeping time， reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern， and suppression of aggressive behaviour［123］. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity［216］. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ131 uptake， PBI， acetylcholine， suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine［61］. Upadhyay［144］ studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam， but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)［148150］.

　　2.2.4 Anticonvulsant activity The water soluble portion of ethanolic extract abolished spontaneous motor activity and the fighting response， but did not affect the escape response; electrically induced convulsive seizures and tremorineinduced tremors were antagonized by the extract［150］. It was observed that the animals treated with the methanolic extracts of stem callus， leaf callus and whole plant of CP， showed significant protection against tonic convulsion induced by transcorneal electroshock， which was also comparable with that of standrad drug phenytoin［228］.

　　2.2.5 Antioxidant activity Ethanolic extract of CP possesses significant antioxidant activity when tested in vitro［216］.

　　2.2.6 Hypolipidemic activity Ethanolic extract of whole plant when administered to cholesterol fed gerbils， reduced serum cholesterol， low density lipoprotein cholesterol， triglycerides and phospholipids significantly after 90 days［161］.

　　2.2.7 Effect on thyroid gland The root extract of CP ［0.4 mg/(kg·d) for 30 days］ administered to Lthyroxineinduced hyperthyroid mice decreased serum concentration of T3 and hepatic 5D activity. These results indicate that the plant extractinduced inhibition in thyroid function is primarily mediated through T4 to T3 conversion［163］. Potential effect was shown by CP for the management of thyrotoxicosis［229］.

　　2.2.8 Analgesic activity The extract caused a reduction in the fighting behavior in mice but was devoid of analgesic activity although it potentiated morphine analgesia［150］.

　　2.2.9 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The antiulcerogenic effect of CP was found to be due to augmentation of mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion， lifespan of mucosal cells and glycoprotein rather than the offensive factors like acidpepsin［182］.

　　2.2.10 Cardiovascular activity Total water soluble fraction of the plant caused a marked and prolonged hypotension in dogs and inhibited the frog myocardium［188， 189］. Ethanolic extract of the entire plant exerted a negative ionotropic action on amphibian and mammalian myocardium. It also exerted spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles［150］.

　　2.2.11 Drug interactions There was unexpected loss of seizure control and reduction in plasma phenytoin levels in two patients who were also taking Shankhapushpi， an Ayurvedic preparation containing CP as an ingredient. In an attempt to know the cause， it was found that single dose SRC and phenytoin (oral/i.p.) coadministration did not have any effect on plasma phenytoin level but decreased the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin significantly， but in multipledose coadministration， Shankhapushpi not only reduced the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin but also lowered plasma phenytoin levels［194］.

　　2.2.12 Activity of convolvinean alkaloid isolated from CP The specific pharmacological action of convolvine has been found to block M2 and M4 cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It was also found that convolvine potentiates the effects of arecoline， a muscarinic memory enhancer that ameliorates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease［230， 231］.

　　2.2.13 Clinical studies of activity of polyherbal formula Maharishi Amrit kalash (MAK) is a herbal formula composed of two herbal mixtures， MAK4 and MAK5. These preparations are part of a natural health care system from India， known as Maharishi Ayurveda. A combination of MAK4 and MAK5 was found to have cancer inhibiting effects in vitro and in vivo when both used in combination［232］.

　　Thyrocap is a herbal preparation containing solid extracts of Bauhinia variegate， Commiphora mukul， Glycyrrhiza glabra and CP (100 mg of each extract/capsule). This preparation was tried in 50 patients of simple diffuse goiter at a dose of one capsule three times a day for 3 months. A significant increase in serum T4 and T3 concentrations and a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration confirmed its thyroid stimulating property［212］.

　　2.3 Clitorea ternatea

　　2.3.1 Toxicological assessment Gross behavioral and acute toxicity studies after administration of graded doses of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of CT were carried out. LD50 of the extract in mice was 2 290 mg/kg， i.p. An ethanolic extract of aerial parts and root of CT when administered orally to mice， in doses of 1 500 mg/kg and above was found to be lethargic instead of CT root extracts which up to 3 000 mg/kg administered orally failed to produce any lethality in mice［125， 126］.

　　2.3.2 Learning， memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test， spontaneous alternation test， rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats［133］. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshockinduced amnesia［124］. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the antiamnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain， viz.， cerebral cortex， midbrain， medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and memory［120， 135］. In another study， the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cytoarchitecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections， branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extracttreated rats compared with agematched saline controls［137］.

　　2.3.3 Anxiolytic and antistress activity The ethanolic extract of CT caused reduction in spontaneous activity， decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern by the head dip and Ymaze test， reduction in the muscle relaxant activity by rota rod， 30° inclined screen and traction tests， and potentiated the pentobarbitoneinduced sleeping time［153］. In another study， the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of CT on spatial discrimination in rats followed by oral treatment with alcoholic extract at a dose of 460 mg/kg significantly prolonged the time taken to traverse the maze， which was equivalent to that produced by chlorpromazine. The lower dose 230 mg/kg was ineffective［125］.

　　2.3.4 Anticonvulsant activity Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of CT was screened byusing pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximum electroshock (MES)induced seizures in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. CT significantly delayed the onset of convulsions in PTZinduced convulsions and also delayed the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MESinduced convulsions［154］. At the dose of 230 and 460 mg/kg， no significant effects were observed in both tests［125］.

　　2.3.5 Antidiabetic activity Ethanolic extracts of flowers significantly lowered serum sugar level in experimentally induced diabetes［181］.

　　2.3.6 Antimicrobial activity A flavonol glycoside isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the roots of CT showed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi［107］.

　　2.3.7 Antiinflammatory， analgesic and antipyretic activity Methanolic extract of CT roots was reported to have significant antiinflammatory activity in the experiment using carrageenininduced rat paw edema and acetic acidinduced vascular permeability models in rats［168］.

　　2.3.8 Activity of formulation Clitorea， Gliricidia and Mucuna was found to be active as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows［213， 233］.

　　2.4 Canscora decussata

　　2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES， MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial［157］. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock［156］. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazolinduced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg［127］.

　　2.4.2 Antitubercular activity Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of CD gave a mixture of about dozens of polyoxygenated xanthones， which were used for the assessment of the antimycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV using Youmanin medium by tube dilution methods on these xanthones［191］. A potent antimycobacterium tuberculosis component of CD was reported to possess xanthone nucleus， which should contain oxygen functions at 1， 3 and 5， 6 or 8position［190］.

　　2.4.3 Immunomodulatory activity Aqueous extract of CD was found to promote the adhesion of neutrophils by inducing the expression of cell intercellular adhesion molecule1 and Eselectin on endothelial cells［165］.

　　2.4.4 Antiinflammatory activity Significant antiinflammatory activity was observed in rats by carrageenin hind paw oedema， cotton pellet granuloma， and granuloma pouch techniques［169， 170］.

　　2.4.5 Hepatoprotective activity Magostin3， 6diOglucoside and mangiferin， a Cglucoside from CD roots provides a definite protection against experimentally induced carbon tetrachloride liver injury in albino rats［169］.

　　2.4.6 Spermicidal activity Aqueous extract of this herb in a dose of 25 mg/100 mg body weight arrested spermatogenesis in albino rats［184， 185］.

　　2.4.7 Effect of its formula on postmenopausal One of the leading pharmaceutical house in India has formulated a safe and effective herbomineral preparation viz.， Menotab to relieve the distressing symptoms of postmenopausal syndrome. Menotab comprises of Withania somnifera， Elletaria cardamomum， Bombax malbaricum， Centella asiatica， Embelia ribes， Canscora decussata， Asparagus racemosus， Oyster shell extract， Glycyrrhiza glabra， Adhatoda vasica， Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhaavia diffusa［214］.

　　2.4.8 Simultaneous pharmacological screening Methanolic extracts of five of these plants， e.g. Clitorea ternatea， Canscora decussata， C. diffusa， Evolvulus alsinoides， E. nummularius were analyzed for their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties by using mice brain homogenates as the enzyme source. All the plants (except CT) inhibited acetylcholinesterase in a dosedependant manner， significantly scavenged DPPH radical and superoxide radical and chelated metal ions. Total antioxidant capacity (equivalent to ascorbic acid) of the plant extracts was also good. It was found that CD has the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Antioxidant activity in all systems (except metal chelation property) was highest in CD［234］.

　　2.4.9 Some important facts related to Shankhpushpi Upadhya and Kambhojkar［21］ carried out studies on Shankhpushpi from Western Maharashtra， India and identified four major species viz. C. decussata， C. ternatea， E. alsinoides and Tephrosea purpurea as Shankhpushpi out of the nine species he studied. Rajagopalan［235］ reported the effect of Ayushman8 (containing Shankhpushpi， Brahmi and Vacha) on Manasamandata (mental retardation). Singh and Vishwanathan［236］ suggested that there was a need for the authentication of samples of the crude drug purchased from the local market under the trade name Shankhpushpi before their utilization. They also suggested the need for authentication of C. microphyllus and E. alsinoides.

　　3 Summary and conclusion

　　An estimate of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that around 85%－90% of the world’s population consumes traditional herbal medicines. Use of herbal remedies is on the rise in developing and developed countries. Many traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is used for two or more entirely different plant species. Controversial herbs in other words are accidental herbal medicine which comes in existence due to wrong identification of a prescribed medicinal plant. Sandigdha dravays， a term used for medicinal plants having controversial sources， appear in the ancient Indian literature［11］. India is a country having variety of languages and population dependent on different tribal and folklore medicine. The variation in the language sometimes is responsible for confusion in the nomenclature of different plants having similar name. Moreover the description of a plant in the ancient literature is found in versus having ample use of synonym. These synonyms have caused controversy in the identification of plants and hence the correct source sometime is mistaken with a fictious plant. In Ayurveda， the plant Shankhpushpi is regarded as controversial in origin. Existence of four different plants is seen in different places of India as Shankhpushpi. Even the official publication of Government of India has shown more than one plant as source for the drug. Although there is lot of work for all plants which has been done for the presence of different chemicals and for various activities. A survey on different Ayurvedic formulus revealed its use as a brain tonic. Sometimes instead of using botanical name doctors only prescribed common name. Since herbal products are prepared by using the extracts of plant known for particular activity， the controversial source sometimes leads to variable preparation. Hence generation of parameters based on characterization and identification of chemical and biomarker， using modern method may provide a solution for solving out the controversy. The available herbal products may be evaluated and analyzed by using sophisticated modern techniques such as UV， TLC， HPLC， HPTLC， GC， Spectrofluorimetric， microarray and other methods. Their biological efficacy also needs to be evaluated to justify the indications of the polyherbal formulas. In present work parameters of identification as well as differentiation among different plant sources having similar name Shankhpushpi in Ayurvedic literature have been reviewed， which may serve the purpose for solving controversy of Shankhpushpi.

参考文献

　　1 Patwardhan B， Warude N， Pushpangadan P， Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005; 2(4): 465473.

　　2 Mason JW. A historical view of the stress field. J Hum Stress. 1975; 1(2): 2236.

　　3 Bhattacharya SK， Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003; 75(3): 547555.

　　4 Carlini EA. Plants and the central nervous system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003; 75(3): 501512.

　　5 Bharkatiya M， Goyal A， Gupta GD， Gaud RS. Memory enhancers. Indian Pharmacist. 2006; 5(8): 3236.

　　6 Suba V， Murugesan T， Rao RB， Pal M， Mandal SC， Saha BP. Neuropharmacological profile of Barleria lupulina Lindl. Extract in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 81(2): 251255.

　　7 Johnson N， Davis T， Bosanquet N. The epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease. How can we manage the costs? Pharmacoeconomics. 2000; 18(3): 215223.

　　8 Nordberg A， Sevensson AL. Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease， a comparison of tolerability and pharmacology. Drug Saf. 1998; 19(6): 465480.

　　9 Mukherjee PK， Kumar V， Mal M， Houghton PJ. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine. 2007; 14(4): 289300.

　　10 Tully T， Bourtchouladze R， Scott R， Tallman J. Targeting the CREB pathway for memory enhancers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003; 2(4): 267277.

　　11 Kumar DC. Pharmacognosy can help minimize accidental misuse of herbal medicine. Curr Sci. 2007; 93(10): 13561358.

　　12 Anonymous Ministry of Health and Family Welfare， Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy. The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. New Delhi: Controller of Publications. 2001: 147149.

　　13 Goyal PR， Singh KP. Shankhpuspi (Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.): a medicinal herb. Int J Mendel. 2005; 22(34): 124125.

　　14 Shah V， Bole PV. Botanical identity of Shankapushpi. Indian J Pharm. 1961; 23(8): 223224.

　　15 Shah VC， Bole PV. Further pharmacognostic studies on the drug ‘Shankhpushpi’. J Univers Bombay. 1960; 29: 154165.

　　16 Austuin DF. Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae): an American herb in the Old World. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 117(2): 185198.

　　17 Dubey NK， Kumar R， Tripathi P. Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity. Curr Sci. 2004; 86(1): 3741.

　　18 Unnikrishnan E. Materia medica of the local health traditions of Payyannur. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development， Center for Development Studies. 2004.

　　19 Gupta AK， Tandon N， Sharma M. Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research. 2005: 70.

　　20 Chatterjee A. Treatise of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: India Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 1990: 327.

　　21 Upadhya AS， Kambhojkar MS. Studies on Ayurvedic drug Shankhpushpi from Western maharastra medicobotanical reported aspects. Bullet Med Ethanob Res. 1993; 14(12): 6469.

　　22 Shah Y， Tangalas EG， Petersseen RC. Mild cognitive impairments. When is it a precursor to Alzheimer disease? Geriatrics. 2000; 55(9): 62， 6568.

　　23 Chunekar KC. Bhavaprakasa nighantu (Commentary). Varanasi: Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan. 1969: 454455.

　　24 Fantz PR. Nomenclatural notes on the genus Clitorea for the Flora North American Project. Castanea. 2000; 65(2): 8992.

　　25 Cramer LH. Gentianaceae. In: Dassenayake MD， Fosberg FR. A revised handbook to the flora of ceylon. New Delhi: Amarind Publishing Co. 1981: 5578.

　　26 Sad F. The convulvulus species of the Canary Isles， the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East. Rotterdam: Bronderofset. 1967: 281288.

　　27 Dandiya PC， Chopra YM. CNSactive drugs from plants indigenous to India. Indian J Pharm. 1970; 2(3): 6790.

　　28 Woodson Jr RE， Schery RW， Dwyer JD. Flora of Panama. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 1980; 67: 582593.

　　29 Rajaqkaruna N， Harris CS， Towers GHN. Antimicrobial activity of plants collected from serpentine outcrops in Sri Lanka. Pharm Biol. 2002; 40(3): 235244.

　　30 Ayyanar M， Ignacimuthu S. Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills， Tamil Nadu， India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 102(2): 246255.

　　31 Hegde HV， Hegde GR， Kholkute SD. Herbal care for reproductive health: ethnomedicobotany from Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka， India. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2007; 13(1): 3845.

　　32 Sandhya B， Thomas S， Isabel W， Shenbagarathai R. Ethanomedicinal plants used by the Valaiyan community of Piranmalai hills (Reserved forest)， Tamilnadu， India: a pilot study. Afr J Trad CAM. 2006; 3(1): 101114.

　　33 Burkill HM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens. 1985; 5: 33.

　　34 Bussmann RW， Gilbreath GG， Solio J， Lutura M， Lutuluo R， Kunguru K， Wood N， Mathenge SG. Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley， Maasai Mara， Kenya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006; 2: 2225.

　　35 Sinha PA， Kumar SP， Wahi A. Comparative pharmacognostic study on Shankhpushpi: Canscora decussata Schult， Convulvulus pleuricaulis Chios and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Bull Med Ethnobot Res. 1986; 10(1): 6273.

　　36 Kirtikar KR， Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2nd ed. Periodical experts， New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research. 1993: 1774.

　　37 Varadan KSS， Vaidyanathan TS， Rama Rao MV. Phytochemistry of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Indian J Pharm. 1958; 20: 100105.

　　38 Karandikar GK， Satakopan S. Shankhpushpi{A} pharmacognostic study{Ⅰ}. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Indian J Pharm. 1959; 21(7): 200203.

　　39 Karandikar GK， Satakopan S. Shankhpushpi{A} pharmacognostic study{Ⅱ}. Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. Indian J Pharm. 1959; 21(7): 204207.

　　40 Karandikar GK， Satakopan S. Shankhpushpi{A} pharmacognostic study{Ⅲ}. Clitorea ternatea Linn. Indian J Pharm. 1959; 21(12): 327331.

　　41 Kapadia NS， Acharya NS， Suhagia BN. A pharmacognostical study on Convulvulus prostratus Forssk. J Nat Rem. 2005; 5(2): 108114.

　　42 Devi BP， Boominathan R， Mandal SC. Studies on pharmacognostical profiles of Clitorea ternatea root (blue flowered variety). India J Nat Prod. 2002; 18: 215.

　　43 Shah SC， Quadry SJ. A textbook of pharmacognosy. 7th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers. 1990: 388389.

　　44 Bisht NPS， Singh R. Chemical studies of Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. Planta Med. 1978; 34(2): 222223.

　　45 Deshpande SM， Srivastava DN. Chemical studies of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. J Indian Chem Soc. 1969; 46(8): 759760.

　　46 Macedo MLR， XavierFilho J. Purification and partial characterization of trypsin inhibitors from seeds of Clitorea ternatea. J Sci Food Agr. 1992; 58(1): 5558.

　　47 Revilleza MJ， Mendoza EM， Raymundo LC. Oligosaccharides in several Philippine indigenous food legumes: determination， localization and removal. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1990; 40(1): 8393.

　　48 Sinha A. Mucilage from the leaves of Clitorea ternatea. India: Proceedings of the Institution of Chemists. 1960: 228231.

　　49 Nambiar GR， Mehta AR. Influence of sugars on ergot alkaloid production by cell suspensions of Evolvulus alsinoides L. Indian J Exp Biol. 1981; 19: 535537.

　　50 Nair GG， Daniel M， Sabnis SD. Ergolines in the seeds of some Indian Convolvulaceae. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1987; 49(3): 100102.

　　51 Rajagopalan N. Free amino acids and amides in legume root nodules. Curr Sci. 1964; 33: 454456.

　　52 Joshi SS， Shrivastava RK， Shrivastava DK. Chemical examination of Clitoria ternatea seeds. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1981; 58(6): 714715.

　　53 Kelemu S， Cardona C， Segura G. Antimicrobial and insecticidal protein isolated from seeds of Clitorea ternatea， a tropical forage legume. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2004， 42(11): 867873.

　　54 Guruswamy MN， Krishnamurthy TR， Vaidyanathan TS. A preliminary note on the pharmacology of evolvine. Curr Sci. 1956; 25: 119120.

　　55 Krishnamurthy TR. Some pharmacological actions of evolvine hydrochloride. Curr Sci. 1959; 28: 6465.

　　56 Aulakh GS， Narayanan S， Ma G. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Shankhpushpifour varieties. Anc Sci Life. 1988; 7(34): 149156.

　　57 Baveja SK， Singla RD. Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn (Shankhpushpi). Indian J Pharm. 1969; 31(4): 108110.

　　58 Encyclopedia Britannica Online［20070405］. http://www.britannica.com.

　　59 Basu NK， Dandiya PC. Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1948; 37(1): 27.

　　60 Lounasmaa M. The tropane alkaloids. In: Brossi A. The alkaloids: Chemistry and pharmcology. New York: Academic Press. 1988: 7274.

　　61 Prasad GC， Gupta RC， Srivastava DN， Tandon AK， Wahi RS， Udupa KN. Effect of Shankhpushpi on experimental stress. J Res Indian Med. 1974; 9(2): 1927.

　　62 Singh GK， Bhandari A. Text book of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS Publishers. 2000: 193194.

　　63 Mirzaev YR， Aripova SF. Neuro and psychopharmacological investigations of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine. Chem Natural Comp. 1998; 34(1): 5658.

　　64 Razzakov NA， Aripova SF. Confolidine， a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus. Chem Natural Comp. 2004; 40(1): 5455.

　　65 Gapparov AM， Razzakov NA， Aripova SF. Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan. Chem Natural Comp. 2007; 43(3): 291292.

　　66 Gapparov AM， Aripova SF， Razzakov NA， Khuzhaev VU. Conpropine， a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan. Chem Natural Comp. 2008; 44(6): 743744.

　　67 Malabadi RB， Nataraja K. Alkaloid biosynthesis influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation and bioreactor in Clitorea ternatea (Linn.). Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol. 2003; 4: 169178.

　　68 Ghosal S， Chaudhary RK， Nath A. Chemical constituents of the roots of Canscora decussata. Part Ⅱ. J Indian Chem Soc. 1971; 48(6): 589592.

　　69 ervenka F， ehkov Z， Brojerov E， Kolek V， Vytlailov J， Jahod L. Evolvulus alsinoides L. －phytochemical analysis. Conference Proceedings， DPhG Jahrestagung－Joint Meeting， Marburg， Germany， October 57， 2006: 106.

　　70 Deshpande SM， Srivastava DN. Chemical examination of the fatty acids of Convulvulus pluricaulis. Indian Oil Soap J. 1969; 34(2): 217218.

　　71 Srivastava DN， Deshpande SM. Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids， fatty alcohols， and hydrocarbons of Convulvulus pluricaulis (Choisy). J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1975; 52(8): 318319.

　　72 Vianni R， Souto SM. Oil content and fatty acid composition of Clitorea ternatea seeds. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 1971; 1: 4750.

　　73 Debnath NB， Chakravarti D， Ghosh A. Fatty acids of Clitorea ternatea seed oils. J Ins Chemists. 1975; 47: 253255.

　　74 Joshi SS， Shrivastava RK， Shrivastava DK. Chemical examination of Clitorea ternatea seeds. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1981; 58(6): 714715.

　　75 Husain S， Devi KS. Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea， Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis. J Oil Technol Assoc India. 1998; 30: 162164.

　　76 Cervenka F， Jahodr L. Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives. Ceska Slov Farm. 2006; 55(5): 219229.

　　77 Gupta P， Akanksha， Siripurapu KB， Ahmad A， Palit G， Arora A， Maurya R. Antistress constituents of Evolvulus alsinoides: an Ayurvedic crude drug. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2007; 55(5): 771775.

　　78 Mehta CR， Shah NB. Chemical examination of Evolvulus alsinoides. Sci Cult. 1958; 24: 180181.

　　79 Kapoor A， Mahoor R， Viashampayan N， Gautam N. Antifungal spectrum of some petal extracts. Geobios. 1981; 8(2): 6667.

　　80 van Valkenburg JLCH， Bunyapraphatsara N. Plant resources in SouthEast Asia. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Leiden: Prosea Foundation. 2001.

　　81 Patil UK， Dixit VK. Densitometric standardization of herbal medical products containing Evolvulus alsinoides by quantification of a marker compound. J Planar Chromatogr. 2005; 18(3): 234239.

　　82 Kapadia NS， Acharya NS， Acharya SA， Shah MB. Use of HPTLC to establish a distinct chemical profile for Shankhpushpi and for quantification of scopoletin in Convulvulus pluricaulis choisy and in commercial formulations of Shankhpushpi. J Planar Chromatogr. 2006; 19(109): 195199.

　　83 Zafar R， Ahmad S， Mujeeb M. Estimation of scopoletin in leaf and leaf callus of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2005; 67(5): 600603.

　　84 Nahata A， Dixit VK. Spectrofluorimetric estimation of scopoletin in Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. and Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008; 70(6): 834837.

　　85 Sinha A. βsitosterol from the seeds of Clitorea ternatea. Curr Sci. 1960; 29: 180181.

　　86 Kulshrestha DK， Khare MP. Chemical investigation of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea. Curr Sci. 1967; 36: 124125.

　　87 Kulshrestha DK， Khare MP. Chemical study of Clitorea ternatea seeds. Chem Ber. 1968; 101: 20962105.

　　88 Gupta RK， Lal LB. Chemical components of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea. Indian J Pharm. 1968; 30: 167169.

　　89 Srivastava BK， Pande ES. Anthocyanins from the flowers of Clitorea ternatea. Planta Med. 1977; 32: 138140.

　　90 Terahara N， Oda M， Matsui T， Osajima Y， Saito N， Toki K， Honda T. Five new anthocyanins， ternatins A3， B4， B3， B2， and D2， from Clitorea ternatea flowers. J Nat Prod. 1996; 59(2): 139144.

　　91 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda H. Structures of Clitorea ternatea pigments. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu. 1989; 31: 324331.

　　92 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda T， Toki K， Osajima Y. Structure of ternatin A1， the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from Clitorea ternatea flower. Tetrahed Lett. 1990; 31(20): 29212924.

　　93 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda T， Toki K， Osajima Y. Structure of ternatin D1， an acylated anthocyanin from Clitorea ternatea flowers. Tetrahed Lett. 1989; 30(39): 53055308.

　　94 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda T， Toki K， Osajima Y. Acylated anthocyanins of Clitorea ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties. Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(3): 949953.

　　95 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda T， Toki K， Osajima Y. Further structural elucidation of the anthocyanin， deacyl ternatin， from Clitorea ternatea. Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(11): 36863687.

　　96 Terahara N， Saito N， Honda T， Toki K， Osajima Y. Structure of ternatin A2， one of Clitorea ternatea flower anthocyanins having unsymmetrical side chains. Heterocycles. 1990; 31(10): 17731776.

　　97 Terahara N， Toki K， Saito N， Honda T， Matsui T. Eight new anthocyanins， ternatins C1C5 and D3 and preternatins A3 and C4 from young Clitorea ternatea flowers. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61(11): 13611367.

　　98 Kondo T， Ueda M， Goto T. Structure of ternatin B1， a pentaacylated anthocyanin substituted on the Bring asymmetrically with two long chains. Tetrahedron. 1990; 46(1314): 47494756.

　　99 Tiwari RD， Gupta RK. Chemical examination of the leaves of Clitorea ternatea. J Indian Chem Soc. 1959; 36: 243246.

　　100 Morita N， Arisawa M， Nagase M， Hsu HT， Chen YP. Studies on the constituents of Formosan Leguminosae. I. The constituents in the leaves of Clitorea ternatea L (author’s transl). Yakugaku Zasshi. 1977; 97(6): 649653.

　　101 Ripperger H. Isolation of stigmast4ene3， 6dione from Hamelia patens and Clitorea ternatea. Pharmazie. 1978; 33(1): 8283.

　　102 Ranaganayaki S， Singh AK. Isolation and identification of pigments of the flowers of Clitorea ternatea. J Indian Chem Soc. 1979; 56: 10371038.

　　103 Saito N， Abe K， Honda T， Timberlake CF， Bridle P. Acylated delphinidin glucosides and flavonols from Clitorea ternatea. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(7): 15831586.

　　104 Kazuma K， Kogawa K， Noda N， Kato N， Suzuki M. Identification of delphinidin 3O(6'Omalonyl)βglucoside3'Oβglucoside， a postulated intermediate in the biosynthesis of ternatin C5 in the blue petals of Clitorea ternatea (butterfly pea). Chem Biopers. 2004; 1(11): 17621770.

　　105 Kazuma K， Noda N， Suzuki M. Malonylated flavonol glycosides from the petals of Clitorea ternatea. Phytochemistry. 2003; 62(2): 229237.

　　106 Kazuma K， Noda N， Suzuki M. Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea. Phytochemistry. 2003; 64(6): 11331139.

　　107 Yadava RN， Verma V. Antimicrobial activity of a novel flavonol glycoside isolated from the roots of Clitorea ternatea Linn. Asian J Chem. 2003; 15: 842846.

　　108 Banerjee SK， Chakravarti RN. Taraxerol from Clitorea ternatea. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1963; 11: 106107.

　　109 Banerjee SK， Chakravarti RN. Taraxerone from Clitorea ternatea. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1964; 12: 23.

　　110 Kumar V， Mukherjee K， Kumar S， Mal M， Mukherjee PK. Validation of HPTLC method for the analysis of taraxerol in Clitorea ternatea. Phytochem Anal. 2008; 19(3): 244250.

　　111 Ghosal S， Chaudhary RK， Nath A. Chemical constituents of gentianaceae. Ⅳ. New xanthone of Canscora decussata. J Pharm Sci. 1973; 62(1): 137139.

　　112 Madam BR. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Canscora decussata: an Indian indigenous drug. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1960; 124: 358367.

　　113 Ghosal S， Singh AK， Chaudhary RK. Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XX: natural occurrence of ()loliolide in Canscora decussata. J Pharm Sci. 1976; 65(10): 15491551.

　　114 Ghosal S， Biswas K， Chaudhary RK. Chemical constituents of gentianaceae part 22， structure of new 1， 3， 5tri and 1， 3， 5， 6， 7penta oxygenated xanthone Canscora decussata Schult. J Chem Soc Perkin 1. 1977; 14: 15971605.

　　115 Chintalwar GJ， Chattopadhyay S. Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone. Nat Prod Res. 2006; 20(1): 5356.

　　116 Ghosal S， Chaudhuri RK， Nath A. Lanostane triterpenes of Canscora decussata. Phytochemistry. 1973; 12: 17631766.

　　117 Sethiya NK， Nahata A， Dixit VK. Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of scopoletin and mangiferin in a methanolic extract of Canscora decussata Schult. Asian J Trad Med. 2008; 3(6): 224229.

　　118 Ahmad MH， Rafique UM， McLaughlin W. Characterization of indigenous rhizobia from wild legumes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1984; 24(23): 197203.

　　119 Roy M， Basu PS. Contents of hormones and indole acetic acid metabolism in root nodules of Clitorea ternatea L. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992; 30(9): 835838.

　　120 Mukherjee PK， Kumar V， Kumar NS， Heinrich M. The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 120(3): 291301.

　　121 Agarwal N， Dey CD. Behavioral and lethal effects of alcoholic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides in albino mice. J Physiol Allied Sci. 1997; 31(2): 81.

　　122 Nahata A， Patil UK， Dixit VK. Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(16): 14721482.

　　123 Pawar SA， Dhuley JN， Naik SR. Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus. Pharmaceut Biol. 2001; 39(4): 253258.

　　124 Taranalli AD， Cheeramkuczhi TC. Influence of Clitorea ternatea on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats. Pharmaceut Biol. 2000; 38(1): 5156.

　　125 Kulkarni C， Pattanshetty JR， Amruthraj G. Effect of alcoholic extract of Clitorea ternatea Linn on central nervous system in rodents. Indian J Exp Biol. 1988; 26(12): 957960.

　　126 Parimaladevi B， Boominathan R， Mandal SC. Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats. Phytomedicine. 2004; 11(4): 323326.

　　127 Bhattacharya SK， Ghosal S， Chaudhuri RK， Sanyal AK. Canscora decussata (Gentianaceae) xanthones. 3. Pharmacological studies. J Pharm Sci. 1972; 61(11): 18381849.

　　128 Misra R. Modern drug development from traditional medicinal plants using radio legend receptorbinding assays. Med Res Rev. 1998; 18(6): 383402.

　　129 Andrade C， Sudha S， Venkataraman BV. Herbal treatments for ESC induced memory deficits: a review of research and a discussion on animal models. J ECT. 2000; 16(2): 144156.

　　130 Siripurapu KB， Gupta P， Bhatia G， Maurya R， Nath C， Palit G. Adaptogenic and antiamnesiac properties of Evolvulus alsinoides in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005; 81(3): 424432.

　　131 Nahata A， Patil UK， Dixit VK. Effect of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents. Phytother Res. 2009; ［Epub ahead of print］. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2932.

　　132 Sinha SN， Dixit VP， Madnawat AVS， Sharma OP. The possible potentiation of cognitive processing on administration of Convulvulus microphyllus in rats. Indian Med. 1989; 1(3): 16.

　　133 Rai KS， Rao MS， Karanth KS. Clitorea ternatea enhances learning and memoryan experimental study on rats. International Congress on Frontiers in Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 21st Century. New Delhi， India. Indian J Pharmacol. 2000; 32: 150.

　　134 Rai KS， Murthy KD， Rao MS. Clitorea ternatea (Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Calcutta: Third Congress. Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS)， Calcutta (Abstract No. 45). 2000: 45.

　　135 Rai KS， Murthy KD， Karanth KS， Nalini K， Rao MS， Srinivasan KK. Clitorea ternatea root extract enhances acetylcholine content in rat hippocampus. Fitoterapia. 2002; 73(78): 685689.

　　136 Rai KS， Murthy KD， Karanth KS， Rao MS. Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001; 45(3): 305313.

　　137 Rai KS， Murthy KD， Rao MS， Karanth KS. Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally incubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract. Phytother Res. 2005; 19(7): 592598.

　　138 Ng TB， Wang HX， Liu F， Xia LX. Plants beneficial to the aging brain. Neuroembryol Aging. 2006; 3(3): 136141.

　　139 Anis M， Sharma MP， Iqbal M. Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest pision in Madhya Pradesh. India Pharmaceut Biol. 2000; 38(4): 241253.

　　140 Bhatnagar M， Shukla SD， Jain S， Mundra A. Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice. Indian Drugs. 2000; 37(6): 280285.

　　141 Auddy B， Ferreira M， Blasina F， Lafon L， Arredondo F， Dajas F， Tripathi PC， Seal T， Mukherjee B. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants， traditionally used for the management of neurodegerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84(23): 31138.

　　142 Cervenka F， Jahodr L. Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives. Ceska Slov Farm. 2006; 55(5): 219229.

　　143 Allimuthu M， Venilla M. Catalogue of siddha antimalarial herbs［20090523］. http://openmed.nic.in/1141.

　　144 Upadhyay VP. Therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herb in mental disorders. Vedic Path. 1986; 69(1): 2429.

　　145 Kumar V. Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview. Phytother Res. 2006; 20(12): 10231035.

　　146 Mudgal V. Studies on medicinal properties of Convulvulus pluricaulis and Boerhaavia diffusa. Planta Med. 1975; 28(1): 6268.

　　147 Barar FS， Sharma VN. Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1965; 9(2): 99102.

　　148 Dandiya PC. The pharmacological basis of herbal drugs acting on CNS. East Pharm. 1990; 33: 3947.

　　149 Handa SS. Rasayana drugs， part II. Pharma Times. 1994; 26(3): 1725.

　　150 Sharma VN， Barar FS， Khanna NK. Some pharmacological actions of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb. II. Indian J Med Res. 1965; 53(9): 871876.

　　151 Dhingra D， Valecha R. Evaluation of the antidepressantlike activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests. Med Sci Monit. 2007; 13(7): 155161.

　　152 Dhingra D， Valecha R. Screening for antidepressantlike activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 1: 262278.

　　153 Boominathan R， Parimaladevi B， Mandal SC. Studies on neuropharmacological effects of Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract in rats and mice. Nat Prod Sci. 2003; 9(4): 260263.

　　154 Jain NN， Ohal CC， Shroff SK， Bhutada RH， Somani RS， Kasture VS， Kasture SB. Clitorea ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003; 75(3): 529536.

　　155 Shukla SP. Antianxiety agents of plant origin. Probe. 1981; 30(3): 201208.

　　156 Dikshit SK， Tewari PV， Dixit SP. Anticonvulsant activity of Canscora decussata Roem. && Sch. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1972; 16(1): 8183.

　　157 Dixit SP. Effect of certain indigenous drugs in convulsion in children. JRIM. 1971; 6(2): 214224.

　　158 Bhattacharya SK， Ghosal S， Sanyal AK. Monoamine oxidaseinhibiting activity of mangiferin isolated from Canscora decussata. Naturwissenschaften. 1972; 59(12): 651.

　　159 Cervenka F， Koleckar V， Rehakova Z. Evaluation of natural substances from Evolvulus alsinoides L. with the purpose of determining their antioxidant potency. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem. 2008; 23(4): 574578.

　　160 Rice Evans CA， Miller NJ， Paganga J. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant Sci. 1977; 2: 152159.

　　161 Chaturvedi M， Mali PC， Dixit VP. Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils. J Phytological Res. 1995; 8(2): 153155.

　　162 Ganju L， Karan D， Chanda S， Srivastava KK， Sawhney RC， Selvamurthy W. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003; 57(7): 296300.

　　163 Panda S， Kar A. Inhibition of T3 production in levothyroxinetreated female mice by the root extract of Convulvulus pluricaulis. Horm Metab Res. 2001; 33(1): 1618.

　　164 Daisy P， Priya N， Rajathi M. Immunomodulatory activity of Eugenia jambolana， Clitorea ternatea and Phyllanthus emblica on alloxon induced diabetic rats. J Exp Zool. 2004; 7(2): 269278.

　　165 Madan B， Ghosh B. Canscora decussata promotes adhesion of neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79(2): 229235.

　　166 Honda T， Saito N， Kusano T. Isolation of anthocyanins (Ternatin A1， A2， B1， B2， D1， and D2) from Clitorea ternatea (double blue) having blood platelet aggregationinhibiting and vascular smooth muscle relaxing activities. Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho. 1991: 7.

　　167 Thenmozhi V， Elango V， Sadique J. Antiinflammatory activity of some Indian medicinalplants. Anc Sci Life. 1989; 8(34): 258261.

　　168 Parimaladevi B， Boominathan R， Mandal SC. Antiinflammatory， analgesic and antipyretic properties of Clitorea ternatea root. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74(4): 345349.

　　169 Shankarnarayan D， Gopalkrishnan C， Kameswaran L. Effect of mangostin， 3， 6diOglucoside and mangiferin in CCl4 liver injury in rats. Mediscope. 1979; 22(3): 6568.

　　170 Madan B， Mandal BC， Kumar S， Ghosh B. Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Schult (Gentianaceae) inhibits LPSinduced expression of ICAM1 and Eselectin on endothelial cells and carageenaninduced pawedema in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 89(23): 211216.

　　171 Dey D， Das MN， Pharmacognosy of antidysenteric drugs of Indian medicine. Acta Bot Indica. 1988; 16(2): 216226.

　　172 Purohit MG， Shanthaveerappa GK， Badami S. Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity of alcoholic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae). Indian J Pharm Sci. 1996; 58(3): 110112.

　　173 Purohit MG， Shanthaveerappa GK， Badami S. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae). Indian J Microbiology. 1995; 35: 7778.

　　174 Kamanzi AK， KonéM， Terreaux C， Traore D， Hostettmann K， Dosso M. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants from the Ivory Coast. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(5): 497502.

　　175 Dash GK， Suresh P， Sahu SK， Kar DM， Ganapaty S， Panda SB. Evaluation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. for anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities. J Nat Rem. 2002; 2(2): 1922.

　　176 Tharan NT， Vapu R， Palanisamy M. Antibacterial activity of Evolvulus alsinoides. Indian Drugs. 2003; 40(10): 585586.

　　177 Gupta RC， Mudgal V. Antifungal effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis (Shankapushpi). J Res Indian Med. 1974; 9(2): 67.

　　178 Bhakuni RS， Tripathi AK， Shukla YN. Insect antifeedant constituent from Convulvulus microphyllus (L.) Sieb. Phytother Res. 1996; 10(2): 170171.

　　179 Osborn RW， De Samblanx GW， Thevissen K， Goderis I， Torrekens S， Van Leuven F， Attenborough S， Rees SB， Broekaert WF. Isolation and characterization of plant defensins from seeds of Asteraceae， Fabaceae， Hippocastanaceae and Saxifragaceae. FEBS Lett. 1995; 368(2): 257262.

　　180 Alam MM， Siddiqui MB， Hussain W. Treatment of diabetes through herbal drugs in rural India. Fitoterpia. 1990; 61(3): 240242.

　　181 Sharma AK， Majumdar M. Some observations on the effect of Clitorea ternatea Linn. on changes in serum sugar level and small intestinal mucosal carbohydrase activities in alloxan diabetes. Calcut Med J. 1990; 87(1112): 168171.

　　182 Sairam K， Rao CV， Goel RK. Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001; 39(4): 350354.

　　183 Piala JJ， Madissoo H， Rubin B. Diuretic activity of roots of Clitorea ternatea L. in dogs. Experientia. 1962; 18: 89.

　　184 Madan BR. Spermicidal activity of Canscora decussataan Indian indigenous drug. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1960; 20(1): 8894.

　　185 Tyagi SD， Singh N， Joneja S， Agarwal SC. Crude powder of Canscora decussata Roem et Sch: as spermicidal agent in albino rats. Acta Bot Indica. 1990; 18(1): 139140.

　　186 Ratnasooriya WD， Hewageegana HGSP， Jayakody JRAC. Gastroprotective activity of Evolvulus alsinoides L. powder. Aust J Med Herbalism. 2005; 17: 5560.

　　187 De S， Ravishankar B， Bhaskar GC. Plants with hepatoprotective activity: a review. Indian Drugs. 1998; 80(8): 355363.

　　188 Rakhit S， Basu NK. Investigation on Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Indian J Pharm. 1958; 20: 357359.

　　189 Chaturvedi GN， Sharma RK， Sen SP. Hypotensive effect of certain indigenous drugs with special reference to Shankhapuspi (C. pluricaulis) in anaesthetised dogs. J Res Indian Med. 1966; 1(1): 5767.

　　190 Ghosal S， Biswas K， Chaudhuri RK. Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅩⅣ: antimycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naturally occurring xanthones and synthetic analogs. J Pharm Sci. 1978; 67(5): 721722.

　　191 Ghosal S， Chaudhuri RK. Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅣ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult. J Pharm Sci. 1975; 64(5): 888889.

　　192 Singh KK， Prakash A. National seminar on the use of traditional medicinal plants in skin care. Lucknow: CMAP. 1994: 30.

　　193 Upadhye AS， Vartak VD， Kumbhojkar MS. Ethnomedicobotanical studies in Western Maharashtra， India. Ethnobotany. 1994; 6(1 && 2): 2531.

　　194 Dandekar UP， Chandra RS， Dalvi SS， Joshi MV， Gokhale PC， Sharma AV， Shah PU， Kshirsagar NA. Analysis of a clinically important interaction between phenytoin and Shankhapushpi， an Ayurvedic preparation. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 35(3): 285288.

　　195 Moharana D， Moharana S. A clinical trial of Mentat in patients with various types of epilepsy. Probe. 1994; 33(2): 160162.

　　196 Sharan V， Khare M. A clinical trial of Mentat in children with behavioral problem. Probe. 1991; 31(1): 1222.

　　197 Kulkarni SK， Verma A. BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal preparation improves learning and memory performance in mice. Indian Drugs. 1993; 30: 97107.

　　198 Kulkarni SK， Sharma A. Reversal of diazepam withdrawal induced hyperactivity in mice by BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal preparation. Indian J Exp Biol. 1994; 32(12): 886888.

　　199 Agrawal A， Dubey ML， Dubey GP. Effects of “Mentat” on memory anxiety scores of normal subjects in three age groups. Pharmacopsychologia. 1990; 3: 4345.

　　200 Kulkarni SK， Verma A. Prevention of development of tolerance and dependence to opiate in mice by BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal psychotropic preparation. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992; 30(10): 885888.

　　201 Kulkarni SK， Verma A. Protective effect of BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal preparation on alcohol abstinenceinduced anxiety. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31(5): 435439.

　　202 Verma A， Kulkarni SK， Effect of a herbal psychotropic preparation， BR16A (Mentat)， on performance of mice on elevated plus maze. Indian J Exp Biol. 1991; 29(12): 11201123.

　　203 Kulkarni SK， George B. Pentylenetetrazolinduced kindling in animals: protective effect of BR16A. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995; 33(6): 424427.

　　204 Bhattacharya SK. Behavioural studies on BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal psychotropic formulation. Indian J Exp Biol. 1994; 32(1): 3743.

　　205 Kulkarni SK， Verma A. Evidence for nootropic effect of BR16A (Mentat)， a herbal psychotropic preparation in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992; 36(1): 2834.

　　206 Sharma KP， Kushwaha HK， Sharma SS. A placebocontrolled trial on the efficacy of mentat in managing depressive disorders. Probe. 1993; 33(1): 2631.

　　207 Bhattacharya SK， Nootropic effect of BR16A (Mentat)， a psychotropic herbal formulation， on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition， postnatal environmental impoverishment and hypoxia in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1994; 32(1): 3136.

　　208 Bhardwaj SK， Srivastava KK. Effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation， CIHP (Ⅲ) on avoidance learning during endurance performance of rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995; 33(8): 580584.

　　209 Tripathi M， Sundaram R， Rafiq MD， Venkataranganna MV， Gopumadhavan S， Mitra SK. Pharmacokinetic interactions of Mentat with carbamazepine and phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2000; 25(34): 223226.

　　210 Singh RH， Mehta AK. Studies on the psychotropic effect of the Medhya Rasayana drug. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopath. 1977; 12(3): 18.

　　211 Shukla SP. A comparative study on the barbiturate hypnosis potentiation effect of medhya rasayana drugsShankhapushpi (Convulvulus pluricaulis). Bull MedicoEthnoBot Res. 1980; 1(4): 554560.

　　212 Pandit RK， Prasad GC. Role of thyrocap in the treatment of simple diffuse goitre: a case report. JREIM. 1992; 11(3): 2124.

　　213 Juma HK， Abdulrazak SA， Muinga RW， Ambula MK. Evaluation of Clitorea， Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows. Livestock Sci. 2006; 103(12): 2329.

　　214 Devi UK， Swarup A. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Menotab in alleviating symptoms of menopausal syndrome: phase Ⅲ open clinical trial. Antiseptic. 2000; 98(3): 8789.

　　215 Singh A. Review of ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacology of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Ethnobot Leafl. 2008; 12: 734740.

　　216 Nahata A， Patil UK， Dixit VK. Anxiolytic activity of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convulvulus pluricaulis in rodents. Pharmaceut Biol. 2009; 47(5): 444451.

　　217 Mehta CR， Shah NB. Studies on Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Indian J Appllied Chem. 1959; 22(1): 6.

　　218 Palpu P， Rawat AKS， Rao CV， Srivastava SK， Govindarajan R. Health promoting functional foods fortified with herbs. USA: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2008.

　　219 Andrade C. ECTinduced anterograde amnesia: can the deficits be minimized? Conv Ther. 1994; 10(1): 59.

　　220 Andrade C， Udaya HB， Chandra JS. BR16A (Mentat) restricts development of ECSinduced retrograde amnesia. Biol Psychiat. 1995; 37: 820.

　　221 Joseph J， Venkataraman BV， Rani MA， Andrade C. BR16A (Mentat) protects against ECSinduced anterograde amnesia. Biol Psychiat. 1994; 36(7): 478481.

　　222 Faruqi S， Chittaranjan A， Ramteke S， Joseph J， Venkataraman BV， Naga Rani MA. Herbal pharmacotherapy for the attenuation of ECSinduced anterograde and retrograde amnesic deficits. Conv Ther. 1995; 11(4): 241.

　　223 Ramteke S， Andrade C， Faruqi S， Joseph Jerry， Venkataraman BV， Nagarani MA. BR16A (Mentat) attenuates anterograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shocks in slow learning rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 1995; 27(3): 186188.

　　224 Andrade C， Raj T， Udaya HB， Suresh Chandra J. Effect of BR16A (Mentat) on α2 adrenergic， dopamine autoreceptor and dopamine postsynaptic receptor functioning. Indian J Pharmacol. 1994; 26: 292295.

　　225 Andrade C. The herbal treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a possible role for BR16A (Mentat). Indian J Psychol Med. 1996; 19(2): 82.

　　226 Agarwal U， Dixit SP， Dubey GP. The management of poststroke functional disability by an indigenous formulation Mentat. Indian Pract. 1994; 47(9): 759761.

　　227 Kumar A， Kulkarni SK. Protective effect of BR16A， a polyherbal preparation against social isolation stress: possible GABAergic mechanism. Phytother Res. 2006; 20(7): 538541.

　　228 Ahmad S， Zafar RU， Sahid M. Anticonvulsant potenital of callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. OPEM. 2007; 7(1): 4650.

　　229 Gupta RC， Singh PM， Prasad GC， Udupa KN. Probable mode of action of Shankhpushpi in the management of thyrotoxicosis. Anc Sci Life. 1981; 1(1): 4654.

　　230 Asthana S， Greig NH， Holloway HW， Raffaele KC， Berardi A， Schapiro MB， Rapoport SI， Soncrant TT. Clinical pharmacokinetics of arecoline in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 1996; 60(3): 276282.

　　231 Mirzaev YR， Aripova SF. Neuro and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine. Chem Nat Comp. 1998; 34(1): 5658.

　　232 Penza M， Montani C， Jeremic M， Mazzoleni G， Wendy Hsiao WL， Marra M， Sharma H， Di Lorenzo D. MAK4 and 5 supplemented diets inhibit liver carcinogenesis in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007; 7: 19.

　　233 Marin A， Carias D， Cioccia AM， Hevia P. Nutritional value of Musa paradisiaca and Clitorea ternatea leaves as diluents for chicken rations. Interciencia. 2003; 28(1): 5157.

　　234 Nag G， De B. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the Indian medicinal plant “Shankhapushpi” used for enhancing memory function. J Complement Integr Med. 2008; 5(1): 26.

　　235 Rajagopalan V. Seminar on research in Ayurveda and Siddha. New Delhi: CCRAS. 1995: 2022， 34.

　　236 Singh HB， Viswanathan MV. Need for authentication of market samples of crude drug Shankhpushpi Convolvulus microphyllus. J Med Arom Plant Sci. 2000; 22(4a)， 23(1a): 612618.