【摘要】 目的 通过观察染镉后的小鼠肾小管上皮细胞的形态结构改变以及Bcl2、Bax蛋白表达情况,探讨镉对肾小管上皮细胞毒性作用的可能机制。方法 选取雄性小鼠40只,随机分为高、中、低剂量染镉组和对照组4组,各染镉组分别按4 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、1 mg/kg体重进行一次性皮下注射氯化镉,对照组皮下注射相应剂量的生理盐水。于染镉后48 h处死动物,取出肾脏,常规石蜡包埋,切片,HE染色观察肾小管上皮的形态学改变;免疫组织化学技术检测肾小管上皮中Bcl2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果 染镉组小鼠的肾小管上皮细胞肿胀,胞质疏松,染色浅,空泡变性;细胞核固缩、核溶解;可见凋亡小体。部分肾小管周围有淋巴细胞浸润,有的肾小管管腔内可见嗜酸性凝固物。染镉组肾小管上皮中Bcl2蛋白表达降低(F=11.873,P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达升高(F=18.734,P<0.01),并且Bcl2蛋白的表达量与染镉剂量呈负相关(r=-0.698,P<0.01),Bax蛋白的表达量与染镉剂量呈正相关(r=0.697,P<0.01)。结论 氯化镉使Bcl2蛋白表达降低,Bax蛋白表达增高,且呈剂量效应关系;并可影响肾皮质的肾小管上皮的形态结构。
【关键词】 镉 肾小管上皮 Bcl2 Bax 凋亡
【Abstract】 Objective By means of observing the morphological changes and situation of Bcl2,Bax proteins expression of epithelia on renal tubule of mice exposed to cadmium, in order to investigate its possible mechanism of cadmium toxicity on epithelia of renal tubule.Methods Forty male mice were randomly pided into four groups, which were highdose cadmium group、 middledose cadmium group、lowdose cadmium group and control group.Mice in three cadmium poison groups were subcutaneously injected cadmium chloride with dose of 4 mg/kg,2 mg/kg,1 mg/kg respectively. Mice in control group were injected 1ml/kg normal saline through subcutaneous. Mice were killed on 48h after being poisoned. And kidneys were extracted, embedded with paraffin routinely, and sliced. The samples stained with HE staining, for observing morphological changes of renal tubules under light microscope. Expression of Bcl2 and Bax proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results In the renal tubule of renal cortex of cadmium poison groups epithelia swelled, cytoplasts were loose and stained lightly. Some cells presented vacuolar degeneration, karyopyknosis, and karyolysis. Apoptotic bodies could be found among the healthy cells. Around renal tubules, inflammatory cells infiltrated obviously. Some lumens of renal tubules were filled with acidophil solidified necrotic substance. With increase of cadmium dose the injury of renal tubules was more serious. In cadmium poison groups, the expression of Bcl2 protein on the epithelia of renal tubales decreased,and that of Bax protein increased.And there was a negative correlation between the expression of Bcl2 in the epithelia of renal tubules and doses of cadmium(r=-0.697,P<0.01), a positive correlation between the expression of Bax in the cells and doses of cadmium(r=0.698,P<0.01).Conclusion It showed that excess cadmium chloride could have adverse effects on morphological structure of renal tubular epithelia, and induce increase of Bax expression and decrease of Bcl2 expression,with a doseeffect relationship.
【Key words】 cadmium,renal tubule epithelia, Bcl2, Bax,apoptosis
镉是一种环境和职业污染物,在人体内的半衰期可长达12.1~22.7年,为最易在人体内蓄积的毒性物质之一[1]。镉主要经呼吸道和胃肠道吸收进入体内,肾脏是其最主要的蓄积部位和靶器官。大量的体外和体内研究表明,镉可以诱发多种类型细胞的凋亡,在某些细胞类型具有剂量效应关系[2~4]。随着对细胞凋亡研究的不断深入,发现Bcl2 家族的表达和调控是影响细胞凋亡的关键因素之一,在细胞凋亡信号转导途径中发挥重要作用,而Bcl2 和Bax分别是Bcl2 家族中最具代表性的抑制凋亡和促进凋亡蛋白[5]。目前,对于镉致肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的机制还尚未完全清楚。本研究旨在观察镉中毒时小鼠肾小管上皮的形态学改变,以及Bcl2和Bax蛋白表达的变化,以探讨镉诱导肾小管上皮细胞凋亡与Bcl2和Bax蛋白表达的关系,为明确镉的肾毒性机制提供实验依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试剂 氯化镉(CdC1·2.5h3O,分析纯,为广州化学试剂厂生产),兔抗鼠Bcl2、Bax多克隆抗体(美国Santa Cruz公司),即用型SPKit(过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素染色试剂盒)和浓缩型DABKit(二氨基联苯胺试剂盒)(武汉博士德生物工程有限公司生产),其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
1.2 仪器 PL300电子天平(梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司),石蜡切片机和摊片机(德国LEICA),生物显微镜(日本Olympus),IMAGEPROPLUS图像分析系统(美国Media Cybernetics),BX31数码显微照相系统(日本Olympus公司)。
1.3 实验动物分组及处理 选取体重15~20 g 清洁级昆明种雄性小鼠40只(烟台绿叶制药有限公司实验动物中心提供),自由饮水,摄食。随机将小鼠分为4组(高、中、低剂量染镉组和对照组),每组10只。一次性染镉,高、中、低剂量染镉组分别按4 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、1 mg/kg体重行皮下注射氯化镉,对照组按1 ml/kg体重皮下注射生理盐水。于染镉后48 h脱颈椎处死小鼠,迅速剖腹,取出肾脏,置于4%多聚甲醛中固定12 h,常规石蜡包埋,制备5 μm连续切片。
1.4 常规HE染色
1.5 SP法(streptavdinperoxidasebiotin method)免疫组织化学染色 每组10只小鼠,在每只小鼠肾脏的连续切片中每隔10张取一张,共取10张,石蜡切片常规脱蜡,3%双氧水甲醇室温10 min;滴加10%山羊血清封闭液,37℃孵育30 min;滴加兔抗Bcl2或Bax,4℃过夜;滴加抗兔生物素化二抗37℃孵育30 min;滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记生物素,37℃孵育30 min;每步间用0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)洗5 min×3次,DAB显色液显色5 min,蒸馏水终止反应,常规脱水、透明、中性树胶封片。光镜下观察,拍照。阴性对照:用PBS代替一抗,其余步骤同上。利用图象分析系统测定平均光密度值,每只小鼠求出一个均值,以其表示Bcl2和Bax蛋白表达情况。
1.6 统计学处理 数据以平均值±标准差( x±s)表示,用SPSS11.0软件进行单因素方差分析(Oneway ANOVA)和相关分析,两组间比较用最小极差法(LSD),P<0.05表示有显著性意义。
2 结果
2.1 镉对肾小管上皮形态结构的影响 对照组的肾小管管腔清晰可见,上皮细胞排列整齐,形状规则,近曲小管的上皮细胞游离面刷状缘清晰(图1a)。低剂量组肾皮质血管充血,少量近曲小管上皮细胞出现轻微肿胀,结构不清,细胞排列稍紊乱,上皮细胞间有淋巴细胞浸润(图1b)。中剂量组的部分肾小管管腔不规则,可见坏死物质;上皮细胞肿胀、变性,胞质疏松,染色浅淡,并出现核固缩,可见细胞空泡变性和嗜酸性变(图1c),并有大量淋巴细胞浸润,血管充血,但肾小球基本无损。高剂量组的远曲小管管腔内可见嗜酸性凝固坏死物填充,近曲小管上皮细胞游离面的刷状缘结构不清;上皮细胞排列凌乱,细胞界限不清(图1d),可见细胞呈空泡变性,胞质疏松,部分细胞质嗜酸性反应增强,有的细胞核固缩,形成凋亡小体。
a. 对照组 b.低剂量染镉组c. 中剂量染镉组d.高剂量染镉组
图1 镉对肾小管上皮形态结构的影响(HE染色,×400)
2.2 镉对Bcl2和Bax蛋白在肾小管上皮细胞上表达的影响 Bcl2和Bax均在肾小管上皮细胞的细胞质中表达。高、中、低剂量染镉组和对照组之间的Bcl2蛋白表达的平均光密度值差异有统计学意义(F=11.873,P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达的平均光密度值也有统计学意义(F=18.734,P<0.01),两两比较各组间均有显著性差异(表1)。本实验条件下,在1~4 mg/kg剂量范围内呈明显的剂量效应关系,表现出随着染镉剂量的加大,Bcl2蛋白表达降低(r=-0.697,P<0.01),Bax蛋白的表达升高(r=0.698,P<0.01)。表1 镉对小鼠肾小管上皮细胞Bcl2和Bax蛋白表达的影响注:*与对照组相比P<0.01,△与低剂量组相比P<0.01,※ 与中剂量组相比P<0.01
3 讨论
镉可以经呼吸道和消化道被吸收入体内,一般吸收量为2%~3%,也有报道约5%~11%被吸收,而每天从体内排出的镉却极其微量[6]。镉进入人体后,主要与富含半胱氨酸的胞浆蛋白相结合,形成金属硫蛋白(MT)而存在,选择性地蓄积于肝、肾等器官中[7]。肾脏可吸收进入体内近1/3的镉,是镉的“靶器官”[8]。本实验主要观察镉对小鼠近曲小管和远曲小管形态结构的影响,发现随着染镉剂量的加大,肾小管上皮细胞肿胀、变性、脱落等形态学改变越明显,有的肾小管管腔内可见有坏死物填充。我们的实验结果与国内外研究结果基本一致[9~11]。
综上所述,镉具有明显的肾脏毒性,对小鼠肾脏皮质细胞的凋亡具有明确的诱导作用,并表现剂量效应关系,Bcl2表达水平与细胞凋亡呈负相关,Bax表达水平与细胞凋亡呈正相关;提示镉诱导细胞凋亡是其对肾小管上皮细胞毒性作用的分子学机制之一。然而,镉可通过多种途径引起细胞凋亡,如增强细胞内钙水平、诱导促进细胞凋亡的蛋白表达、引起氧化应激等,且各种途径之间又相互影响。因此对于镉在体内诱导细胞凋亡产生毒性作用的机制,还有待进一步研究。
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